To get updates on new site content, like us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter.

Difference between revisions of "In reply to: We need animal products to be healthy"

From JFA Wiki
(Context)
 
(4 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:
 
== Context ==
 
== Context ==
  
The question of whether any nutrients necessary for good health can only be obtained from the animal kingdom is an important one. Here's why: One of the main ideas of veganism is that it’s wrong to cause unnecessary harm to animals. If a certain nutrient necessary for good health could only be sourced from animals, some suffering might be deemed necessary, depending on the nature of the nutrient.
+
The question of whether any nutrients necessary for good health can only be obtained from the animal kingdom is an important one. Here's why: One of the main ideas of [[veganism]] is that it’s wrong to cause unnecessary harm to animals. If a certain nutrient necessary for good health could only be sourced from animals, some suffering might be deemed necessary, depending on the nature of the nutrient.
  
For veganism to be valid, it is not necessary to show that a vegan diet is beneficial, only that it's adequate for good health. Showing that a vegan diet has benefits does lend credence to the viability of a vegan diet, however, so we do a bit of that here.
+
For [[veganism]] to be valid, it is not necessary to show that a vegan diet is beneficial, only that it's adequate for good health. Showing that a vegan diet has benefits does lend credence to the viability of a vegan diet, however, so we do a bit of that here.
  
Even if a future discovery, however unlikely, finds there is an animal product we need to be healthy, veganism would still be relevant because we would still be ethically obliged to consume only the animal product needed—and only in the smallest amount needed and in the least harmful manner.
+
Even if a future discovery, however unlikely, finds there is an animal product we need to be healthy, [[veganism]] would still be relevant because we would still be ethically obliged to consume only the animal product needed—and only in the smallest amount needed obtained in the least harmful manner.
  
 
== Talking Points ==
 
== Talking Points ==
Line 52: Line 52:
  
 
== See Also ==
 
== See Also ==
 
== Plain Text ==
 
 
{{jfa-plaintext}}
 
 
<ul id="FoldingText">
 
    <li id="mJUrn32jVV">Context
 
        <ul>
 
            <li id="XkwjTno4E">Why This Topic Is Important
 
                <ul>
 
                    <li id="Qy6ZC6iV4">The question of whether any nutrients necessary for good health can only be obtained from the animal kingdom is an important one.</li>
 
                    <li id="mylp-ApiEV">Here's why: One of the main ideas of veganism is that it’s wrong to cause unnecessary harm to animals. If a certain nutrient necessary for good health could only be sourced from animals, some suffering might be deemed necessary, depending on the nature of the nutrient.</li>
 
                    <li id="X1ZHn2hs4N">For veganism to be valid, it is not necessary to show that a vegan diet is beneficial, only that it's adequate for good health. Showing that a vegan diet has benefits does lend credence to the viability of a vegan diet, however, so we do a bit of that here.</li>
 
                </ul>
 
            </li>
 
            <li id="Xk23fehVN">The health benefits of a whole-food, plant-based diet should not be exaggerated.
 
                <ul>
 
                    <li id="XykaXenVN">Vegans are not altogether free of health problems. But the evidence is strong that the plant-based eating pattern promotes good health and lowers your risk for many ailments.</li>
 
                </ul>
 
            </li>
 
            <li id="XJHSh2njNV">Extra
 
                <ul>
 
                    <li id="X1VHh32jVE">What if it is discovered that we need animal products to be healthy?
 
                        <ul>
 
                            <li id="mJQBnh2jEN">Veganism would still be relevant because we would be ethically obliged to consume only those animal products needed—and only in the smallest amounts needed and in the least harmful manner. Some vegans would choose to suffer the health consequences.</li>
 
                        </ul>
 
                    </li>
 
                </ul>
 
            </li>
 
        </ul>
 
    </li>
 
    <li id="X1FgHhn2iNN">Prominent health organizations embrace a vegan diet.
 
        <ul>
 
            <li id="QJFH232iEV">Harvard Medical School
 
                <ul>
 
                    <li id="Q1vS222sE4">Quote: "Nowadays, plant-based eating is recognized as not only nutritionally sufficient but also as a way to reduce the risk for many chronic illnesses."<ref>“Becoming a Vegetarian.” Harvard Health Publications Harvard Medical School, March 18, 2016. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/becoming-a-vegetarian </ref></li>
 
                    <li id="Q1OSn32jVE">HMS has a faculty of over eleven thousand <ref>Facts and Figures | HMS.” Harvard Medical School, 2017. https://hms.harvard.edu/about-hms/facts-figures </ref> and are consistently ranked the number one research medical school in the United States.<ref>“Best Medical Schools (Research) Ranked in 2017 | US News Rankings.” US News Education. Accessed August 1, 2017. https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/research-rankings </ref></li>
 
                </ul>
 
            </li>
 
            <li id="Q13B22hjEE">Mayo Clinic
 
                <ul>
 
                    <li id="Q1cS3hhiEN">Quote: "A well-planned vegetarian diet [defined to include a vegan diet] is a healthy way to meet your nutritional needs."<ref>“Vegetarian Diet: How to Get the Best Nutrition.” Mayo Clinic. Accessed August 2, 2017. http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/vegetarian-diet/art-20046446 </ref></li>
 
                    <li id="QJiSnn2j4N">Mayo Clinic is the "largest integrated, not-for-profit medical group practice in the world"<ref>“Mayo Clinic Facts and Highlights - MC2045 - Doc-20078949.” Accessed August 1, 2017. http://www.mayoclinic.org/documents/mc2045-pdf/doc-20078949 </ref> with over four thousand five hundred physicians and scientists.<ref>About Us - Mayo Clinic Facts.” Mayo Clinic. Accessed August 2, 2017. http://www.mayoclinic.org/about-mayo-clinic/facts-statistics </ref></li>
 
                </ul>
 
            </li>
 
            <li id="myygB2h3oVN">Cleveland Clinic
 
                <ul>
 
                    <li id="mkarn3njNN">Quote: "There really are no disadvantages to a herbivorous diet! A plant-based diet has many health benefits, including lowering the risk for heart disease, hypertension, Type 2 diabetes, and cancer. It can also help lower cholesterol and blood pressure levels, plus maintain weight and bone health."<ref>“Understanding Vegetarianism &amp; Heart Health.” Cleveland Clinic, December 2013. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/understanding-vegetarianism-heart-health </ref></li>
 
                    <li id="m1CS2hhoVN">Cleveland Clinic is a highly regarded medical system with one thousand seven hundred staff physicians representing one hundred twenty medical specialties, and it helps patients from all over the world.<ref>Stoller, James K. “The Cleveland Clinic: A Distinctive Model of American Medicine.” Annals of Translational Medicine 2, no. 4 (2014). doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2013.12.02. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4200609/ </ref></li>
 
                </ul>
 
            </li>
 
            <li id="XyEer2h3oEE">Kaiser Permanente
 
                <ul>
 
                    <li id="mJxlSh2niEV">Quote: "Healthy eating may be best achieved with a plant-based diet, which we define as a regimen that encourages whole, plant-based foods and discourages meats, dairy products, and eggs as well as all refined and processed foods."</li>
 
                    <li id="XJZer323oE4">Quote: "Physicians should consider recommending a plant-based diet to all their patients, especially those with high blood pressure, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or obesity. Research shows that plant-based diets are cost-effective, low-risk interventions that may lower body mass index, blood pressure, HbA1C, and cholesterol levels. They may also reduce the number of medications needed to treat chronic diseases and lower ischemic heart disease mortality rates."</li>
 
                    <li id="Q1zxrn23oEN">Source<ref>Phillip J Tuso, MD, Mohamed H Ismail, MD, Benjamin P Ha, MD, and Carole Bartolotto, MD, RD. “Nutritional Update for Physicians: Plant-Based Diets.” The Permanente Journal - The Permanente Press - Kaiser Permanente - Permanente Medical Groups, 2013. http://www.thepermanentejournal.org/issues/2013/spring/5117-nutrition.html </ref></li>
 
                    <li id="QkmlH2nhs4E">Kaiser Permanente is one the United States' largest nonprofit health plans, with over eleven million members.<ref>“Fast Facts About Kaiser Permanente.” Kaiser Permanente Share, 2017. https://share.kaiserpermanente.org/article/fast-facts-about-kaiser-permanente/ </ref></li>
 
                </ul>
 
            </li>
 
            <li id="m1OeS332i4V">NewYork-Presbyterian (health-care delivery system)
 
                <ul>
 
                    <li id="XkHxH222i4E">Quote: "Plant-based diets are believed to be an effective means of treating chronic disease, including diabetes. They also combat obesity and lower blood pressure and the risk for cardiovascular disease."</li>
 
                    <li id="mkUlH2n2jNE">The author of the article quoted above, although not named in the article, states that he or she is a vegan and defines a plant-based diet as "a diet that’s completely free of animal products and byproducts—no meat, seafood, poultry, dairy, or eggs."</li>
 
                    <li id="XkPeS2n2oVE">Source<ref>Ask A Nutritionist: Plant-Based Diets.” NewYork-Presbyterian, March 30, 2017. https://healthmatters.nyp.org/plant-based-diet/ </ref></li>
 
                </ul>
 
            </li>
 
        </ul>
 
    </li>
 
    <li id="QykzHn32j4E">Nutrition-focused dietetic associations endorse a vegan diet.
 
        <ul>
 
            <li id="mk1WShn3jNN">Context
 
                <ul>
 
                    <li id="X15eBhn3iE4">The endorsement of totally vegan diets by dietetic associations is more authoritative because human nutrition is their primary concern and the focus of their research and training.</li>
 
                    <li id="QJRlr2nnoE4">This is in contrast with medical doctors, who typically receive little training in nutrition.
 
                        <ul>
 
                            <li id="XyseB3h2iEV">"Most US medical schools (86/121, 71%) fail to provide the recommended minimum 25 hours of nutrition education; 43 (36%) provide less than half that much."<ref>Adams, Kelly M., W. Scott Butsch, and Martin Kohlmeier. “The State of Nutrition Education at US Medical Schools.” Research article. Journal of Biomedical Education, 2015. doi:10.1155/2015/357627 </ref></li>
 
                            <li id="mynlS32hoVE">In one study, doctors averaged receiving a failing grade on a test on nutrition.<ref>Castillo, Marigold, Ronald Feinstein, James Tsang, and Martin Fisher. “Basic Nutrition Knowledge of Recent Medical Graduates Entering a Pediatric Residency Program.” International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 28, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): 357–61. doi:10.1515/ijamh-2015-0019 </ref></li>
 
                            <li id="QJTlH2nnj4E">U.S. News provides a good overview of medical doctors' training in nutrition.<ref>Stacey Colino. “How Much Do Doctors Learn About Nutrition?” US News &amp; World Report, December 7, 2016. http://health.usnews.com/wellness/food/articles/2016-12-07/how-much-do-doctors-learn-about-nutrition </ref></li>
 
                        </ul>
 
                    </li>
 
                </ul>
 
            </li>
 
            <li id="XkwWr2h3jVV">The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND)
 
                <ul>
 
                    <li id="QkBZHhhhjVN">Formal position statement:
 
                        <ul>
 
                            <li id="Q1gWB22hsEN">Quote: "It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that appropriately planned vegetarian, including vegan, diets are healthful, nutritionally adequate and may provide health benefits for the prevention and treatment of certain diseases."</li>
 
                            <li id="mJ--Hn32s4E">Quote: "These diets are appropriate for all stages of the life cycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, adolescence, older adulthood and for athletes."</li>
 
                            <li id="XkMZr2h2o4N">Quote: "Plant-based diets are more environmentally sustainable than diets rich in animal products because they use fewer natural resources and are associated with much less environmental damage."</li>
 
                            <li id="XyXbS2hniVE">Quote: "Vegetarians and vegans are at reduced risk of certain health conditions, including ischemic heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, certain types of cancer, and obesity."</li>
 
                            <li id="mJEZr2h3oEN">Source<ref>“Vegetarian Diets.” Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. December 2016. http://www.eatrightpro.org/resource/practice/position-and-practice-papers/position-papers/vegetarian-diets </ref></li>
 
                        </ul>
 
                    </li>
 
                    <li id="Xy8ZH333jE4">Formerly known as the American Dietetic Association (ADA), the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics is the "world's largest organization of food and nutrition professionals" with "over 100,000 credentialed practitioners."<ref>“About Us.” Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Accessed August 2, 2017. http://www.eatrightpro.org/resources/about-us </ref></li>
 
                </ul>
 
            </li>
 
            <li id="mkYWShn2jNE">Dietitians of Canada (DC)
 
                <ul>
 
                    <li id="mkuZS3n2iEV">Quote: "A healthy vegan diet has many health benefits including lower rates of obesity, heart disease, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, type 2 diabetes and certain types of cancer."<ref>“Healthy Eating Guidelines for Vegans.” Dietitians of Canada, November 2017. https://www.dietitians.ca/Downloads/Factsheets/Guidlines-for-Vegans.aspx </ref></li>
 
                </ul>
 
            </li>
 
            <li id="X12-Hn33sVV">The British Dietetic Association (BDA)
 
                <ul>
 
                    <li id="QJ9bB2nniN4">Quote: "Well planned vegetarian diets [defined to include a vegan diet] can be nutritious and healthy. They are associated with lower risks of heart disease, high blood pressure, Type 2 diabetes, obesity, certain cancers and lower cholesterol levels."<ref>“Vegetarian Diets.” British Dietetic Association, March 2016. https://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/vegetarianfoodfacts.pdf </ref></li>
 
                    <li id="mko-rhhnoEN">The BDA and the Vegan Society formed an alliance to "work together to show that it is possible to follow a well-planned, plant-based, vegan-friendly diet that supports healthy living in people of all ages, and during pregnancy and breastfeeding.”<ref>“British Dietetic Association.” The Vegan Society. Accessed August 3, 2017. https://www.vegansociety.com/society/whos-involved/partners/british-dietetic-association </ref></li>
 
                </ul>
 
            </li>
 
            <li id="mkAWr33no4V">Dietitians Association of Australia (DAA)
 
                <ul>
 
                    <li id="XJTbShn3jEN">Quote: "With good planning, those following a vegan diet can cover all their nutrient bases, but there are some extra things to consider."<ref>“Vegan Diets: Everything You Need to Know – Dietitians Association of Australia.” Dietitians Association of Australia. Accessed August 3, 2017. https://daa.asn.au/smart-eating-for-you/smart-eating-fast-facts/healthy-eating/vegan-diets-facts-tips-and-considerations/ </ref></li>
 
                </ul>
 
            </li>
 
        </ul>
 
    </li>
 
    <li id="XkwMSn2njN4">The US government says a vegan diet is healthy.
 
        <ul>
 
            <li id="XkgGH323i4V">In its dietary guidelines for 2015–2020, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) acknowledged that a vegan diet is a healthy eating pattern.<ref>“USDA Food Patterns: Healthy Vegetarian Eating Pattern.” Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Eighth Edition. Accessed August 4, 2017. https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/appendix-5/ </ref></li>
 
            <li>This is particularly telling since the USDA is a strong supporter of animal agriculture:
 
                <ul>
 
                    <li>Of the $246 billion in subsidies to agriculture between 1995 and 2009, 63% supported crops directly grown for livestock feed while only 20% supported grains for human consumption.</li>
 
                    <li>Fresh fruits and vegetables—called "specialty crops" by the USDA—do not receive subsidies.</li>
 
                    <li>Subsidies for dairy producers amounted to $4.8 billion from 1995 through 2009.</li>
 
                    <li>The USDA provided $3.5 billion between 1995 and 2009 for the Livestock Compensation Program, livestock feed assistance, and livestock emergency assistance.</li>
 
                    <li>In 2009, the USDA spent $793 million for beef, pork, poultry, eggs, and fish.</li>
 
                    <li>In 2009, the USDA spent more than $623 million to buy dairy products—mostly cheese.</li>
 
                    <li>The USDA administers programs to help producers market their products, such as the Got Milk? campaign.</li>
 
                    <li>Source<ref>“Agriculture and Health Policies in Conflict: How Subsidies Tax Our Health: Government Support for Unhealthful Foods.” Text. The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, April 13, 2011. http://www.pcrm.org/health/reports/agriculture-and-health-policies-unhealthful-foods </ref></li>
 
                </ul>
 
            </li>
 
            <li id="my8MBnn3oVE">Extra
 
                <ul>
 
                    <li id="XkNMHh33iNV">In its dietary guidelines, the USDA reinforced the idea that nutrition and health are closely related.<ref>“Nutrition and Health Are Closely Related.” Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Eighth Edition. Accessed August 4, 2017. https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/introduction/nutrition-and-health-are-closely-related/ </ref></li>
 
                    <li id="X1HMS33noV4">Dr. Neal Barnard, founding president of the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM), noted that "even with its flaws, the new Dietary Guidelines report is a major advance."<ref>D. Neal Barnard. “New Dietary Guidelines: The Good, the Bad, and the Downright Confusing.” The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, February 19, 2015. http://www.pcrm.org/nbBlog/index.php/new-dietary-guidelines-the-good-the-bad-and-the-downright-confusing </ref></li>
 
                </ul>
 
            </li>
 
        </ul>
 
    </li>
 
    <li id="myd4H2nho4N">It is impossible to name even one required nutrient that must come from animals.
 
        <ul>
 
            <li id="myDNB2hhsVN">Even though certain vested interests have insinuated that certain nutrients must come from the animal kingdom, there is no convincing evidence to support this. If such evidence existed, the prestigious organizations mentioned herein would not have endorsed and praised a vegan diet.</li>
 
        </ul>
 
    </li>
 
    <li id="QkLHShnnoEN">Related objections are weak.
 
        <ul>
 
            <li>Whenever the subject of vegan nutrition is discussed, it's almost certain that related objections will be presented, bringing forth various fallacies and myths about certain aspects of a vegan diet. None of these objections can withstand scientific scrutiny.</li>
 
            <li>The comprehensive edition of Brenda Davis's book '' '' Becoming Vegan<ref>Davis, Brenda, and Vesanto Melina. <i>Becoming Vegan: The Complete Reference to Plant-Based Nutrition</i>. Com edition. Summertown, Tennessee: Book Pub Co, 2014 </ref> '' '' provides the most exhaustive treatment of vegan nutrition—and in the process provides answers to these objections, fallacies, and myths.</li>
 
            <li>We provide summarized responses to the most frequently presented health-related objections, drawing on the expertise of Brenda Davis and others in the <a href="http://justiceforanimals.org/section/objections/">Objections Section</a> of this website.</li>
 
        </ul>
 
    </li>
 
</ul>
 
 
{{jfa-plaintext-end}}
 
  
 
== Footnotes ==
 
== Footnotes ==
Line 211: Line 59:
 
== Meta ==
 
== Meta ==
  
This fact sheet was originally authored by Greg Fuller and copyedited by Isaac Nickerson. The contents may have been edited since that time by others.
+
This article was originally authored by Greg Fuller and copyedited by Isaac Nickerson. The contents may have been edited since that time by others.
  
 
{{jfa-meta
 
{{jfa-meta

Latest revision as of 11:11, 27 October 2019

Context

The question of whether any nutrients necessary for good health can only be obtained from the animal kingdom is an important one. Here's why: One of the main ideas of veganism is that it’s wrong to cause unnecessary harm to animals. If a certain nutrient necessary for good health could only be sourced from animals, some suffering might be deemed necessary, depending on the nature of the nutrient.

For veganism to be valid, it is not necessary to show that a vegan diet is beneficial, only that it's adequate for good health. Showing that a vegan diet has benefits does lend credence to the viability of a vegan diet, however, so we do a bit of that here.

Even if a future discovery, however unlikely, finds there is an animal product we need to be healthy, veganism would still be relevant because we would still be ethically obliged to consume only the animal product needed—and only in the smallest amount needed obtained in the least harmful manner.

Talking Points

Prominent health organizations embrace a vegan diet.

Harvard Medical School[1], Mayo Clinic[2], Cleveland Clinic[3], Kaiser Permanente[4], and NewYork-Presbyterian[5] all say that a 100 percent plant-based diet is healthy.

These organizations also acknowledge the ability of a plant-based diet to fight health issues such as heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and high cholesterol.[6] [7] [8] [9] [10]

Kaiser Permanente even advises their doctors to recommend a plant-based diet to their patients, especially those with high blood pressure, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or obesity.[11]

Here are a few representative quotes from these organizations:

  • "Nowadays, plant-based eating is recognized as not only nutritionally sufficient but also as a way to reduce the risk for many chronic illnesses." —Harvard Medical School[12]
  • "Healthy eating may be best achieved with a plant-based diet, which we define as a regimen that encourages whole, plant-based foods and discourages meats, dairy products, and eggs as well as all refined and processed foods." —Kaiser Permanente[13]
  • "There really are no disadvantages to a herbivorous diet! A plant-based diet has many health benefits, including lowering the risk for heart disease, hypertension, Type 2 diabetes, and cancer. It can also help lower cholesterol and blood pressure levels, plus maintain weight and bone health." —Cleveland Clinic[14]
  • "Plant-based diets are believed to be an effective means of treating chronic disease, including diabetes. They also combat obesity and lower blood pressure and the risk for cardiovascular disease." —NewYork-Presbyterian[15]

Dietetic associations endorse a vegan diet.

The endorsement of totally vegan diets by dietetic associations is authoritative because human nutrition is their primary concern and the focus of their research.

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (operating in the United States)[16], the Dietitians of Canada[17], the British Dietetic Association[18], and the Dietitians Association of Australia[19] have all made pronouncements on the viability of a vegan diet.

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics issued a formal position statement that a vegan diet is fine "for all stages of life, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, adolescence, older adulthood, and for athletes."[20]

The US government says a vegan diet is healthy.

In its dietary guidelines for 2015–2020, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) acknowledged that a vegan diet is a healthy eating pattern.[21] This is particularly telling since the USDA is a strong supporter of animal agriculture.[22]

There are no nutrients that must come from animals.

Even though certain vested interests have insinuated that certain nutrients must come from the animal kingdom, there is no convincing evidence to support this. If such evidence existed, the prestigious organizations mentioned could not have endorsed and praised a vegan diet.  It is impossible to name even one required nutrient that must come from animals.

Related objections are weak.

Whenever the subject of vegan nutrition is discussed, it's almost certain that related objections will be presented, bringing forth various fallacies and myths about certain aspects of a vegan diet. None of these objections can withstand scientific scrutiny.

The comprehensive edition of Brenda Davis's book Becoming Vegan provides the most exhaustive treatment of vegan nutrition—and in the process provides answers to these objections, fallacies, and myths.[23]

See Also

Footnotes

  1. “Becoming a Vegetarian.” Harvard Health Publications Harvard Medical School, March 18, 2016. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/becoming-a-vegetarian
  2. “Vegetarian Diet: How to Get the Best Nutrition.” Mayo Clinic. Accessed August 2, 2017. http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/vegetarian-diet/art-20046446
  3. “Understanding Vegetarianism & Heart Health.” Cleveland Clinic, December 2013. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/understanding-vegetarianism-heart-health
  4. Phillip J Tuso, MD, Mohamed H Ismail, MD, Benjamin P Ha, MD, and Carole Bartolotto, MD, RD. “Nutritional Update for Physicians: Plant-Based Diets.” The Permanente Journal - The Permanente Press - Kaiser Permanente - Permanente Medical Groups, 2013. http://www.thepermanentejournal.org/issues/2013/spring/5117-nutrition.html
  5. Ask A Nutritionist: Plant-Based Diets.” NewYork-Presbyterian, March 30, 2017. https://healthmatters.nyp.org/plant-based-diet/
  6. “Becoming a Vegetarian.” Harvard Health Publications Harvard Medical School, March 18, 2016. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/becoming-a-vegetarian
  7. “Vegetarian Diet: How to Get the Best Nutrition.” Mayo Clinic. Accessed August 2, 2017. http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/vegetarian-diet/art-20046446
  8. “Understanding Vegetarianism & Heart Health.” Cleveland Clinic, December 2013. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/understanding-vegetarianism-heart-health
  9. Phillip J Tuso, MD, Mohamed H Ismail, MD, Benjamin P Ha, MD, and Carole Bartolotto, MD, RD. “Nutritional Update for Physicians: Plant-Based Diets.” The Permanente Journal - The Permanente Press - Kaiser Permanente - Permanente Medical Groups, 2013. http://www.thepermanentejournal.org/issues/2013/spring/5117-nutrition.html
  10. Ask A Nutritionist: Plant-Based Diets.” NewYork-Presbyterian, March 30, 2017. https://healthmatters.nyp.org/plant-based-diet/
  11. Phillip J Tuso, MD, Mohamed H Ismail, MD, Benjamin P Ha, MD, and Carole Bartolotto, MD, RD. “Nutritional Update for Physicians: Plant-Based Diets.” The Permanente Journal - The Permanente Press - Kaiser Permanente - Permanente Medical Groups, 2013. http://www.thepermanentejournal.org/issues/2013/spring/5117-nutrition.html
  12. “Becoming a Vegetarian.” Harvard Health Publications Harvard Medical School, March 18, 2016. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/becoming-a-vegetarian
  13. Phillip J Tuso, MD, Mohamed H Ismail, MD, Benjamin P Ha, MD, and Carole Bartolotto, MD, RD. “Nutritional Update for Physicians: Plant-Based Diets.” The Permanente Journal - The Permanente Press - Kaiser Permanente - Permanente Medical Groups, 2013. http://www.thepermanentejournal.org/issues/2013/spring/5117-nutrition.html
  14. “Understanding Vegetarianism & Heart Health.” Cleveland Clinic, December 2013. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/understanding-vegetarianism-heart-health
  15. Ask A Nutritionist: Plant-Based Diets.” NewYork-Presbyterian, March 30, 2017. https://healthmatters.nyp.org/plant-based-diet/
  16. “Vegetarian Diets.” Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. December 2016. http://www.eatrightpro.org/resource/practice/position-and-practice-papers/position-papers/vegetarian-diets
  17. “Healthy Eating Guidelines for Vegans.” Dietitians of Canada, November 2017. https://www.dietitians.ca/Downloads/Factsheets/Guidlines-for-Vegans.aspx
  18. “British Dietetic Association.” The Vegan Society. Accessed August 3, 2017. https://www.vegansociety.com/society/whos-involved/partners/british-dietetic-association
  19. “Vegan Diets: Everything You Need to Know – Dietitians Association of Australia.” Dietitians Association of Australia. Accessed August 3, 2017. https://daa.asn.au/smart-eating-for-you/smart-eating-fast-facts/healthy-eating/vegan-diets-facts-tips-and-considerations/
  20. “Vegetarian Diets.” Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. December 2016. http://www.eatrightpro.org/resource/practice/position-and-practice-papers/position-papers/vegetarian-diets
  21. “USDA Food Patterns: Healthy Vegetarian Eating Pattern.” Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Eighth Edition. Accessed August 4, 2017. https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/appendix-5/
  22. “Agriculture and Health Policies in Conflict: How Subsidies Tax Our Health: Government Support for Unhealthful Foods.” Text. The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, April 13, 2011. http://www.pcrm.org/health/reports/agriculture-and-health-policies-unhealthful-foods
  23. Davis, Brenda, and Vesanto Melina. Becoming Vegan The Complete Reference to Plant-Based Nutrition. Com edition. Summertown, Tennessee: Book Pub Co, 2014.

Meta

This article was originally authored by Greg Fuller and copyedited by Isaac Nickerson. The contents may have been edited since that time by others.