View source for In reply to: Eating animals is natural; animals eat animals, it is part of the circle of life, and we are apex predators on top of the food chain

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== Context ==

In objecting to [[veganism]] and animal rights, some invoke a series of statements centering around the idea that eating animals and their secretions is natural. These statements often include a reference to the circle of life, apex predation, the fact that animals eat other animals, and the assertion that humans are on top of the food chain—all in an attempt to prove that the eating of animal flesh, chickens' eggs, and cow's milk by humans is as natural as the laws of physics.

Here we show that these declarations are not germane to the case for [[veganism]]. But even if they were, they are still defeated by taking a closer look at the assertions, which we do.

== Talking Points ==

=== Assertions as to what is natural are not pertinent to the validity of veganism. === 

Simply put, the case for [[veganism]] is that it’s wrong to cause unnecessary harm to animals. Eating products made from animals harms animals, and because we don't need animal products to be healthy, the harm is unnecessary. The issues of harm and necessity are covered in our [[veganism | introduction to veganism]]

So even if the practice of eating animals were natural, even if it were somehow part of some nebulous circle of life, even if we were apex predators on top of the food chain, and even though animals do eat other animals—all that still does not justify causing unnecessary harm to others.

=== Naturalness says nothing about rightness. === 

The occurrence of a behavior in the natural world says nothing about the morality of the behavior. Rape, defined as forced sexual intercourse, is not unusual in other species. Amphibians, reptiles, birds, [[fish]], and mammals engage in the practice.<ref>Palmer, Craig T. “Rape in Nonhuman Animal Species: Definitions, Evidence, and Implications.” Journal of Sex Research26, no. 3 (August 1989): 355–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224498909551520 </ref> Infanticide is committed by dolphins, lions, and baboons.<ref>Thompson, Helen. “Why Some Mammals Kill Babies of Their Own Kind.” Smithsonian, November 13, 2014. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/why-some-mammals-kill-babies-own-kind-180953318/ </ref> We would not say these behaviors are moral, but we could not deny that they are natural in the sense that they occur in nature.

=== Animals that eat other animals do not have a choice. === 

The animals that eat other animals do not have a choice. If they are obligate carnivores, then they must eat animals for nutrition. If they are omnivores, then they are eating what is available to survive.

Most humans reading this, on the other hand, have available a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, seeds, and legumes. And humans do not need to eat animals for nutrition, as shown in [[In reply to: We need animal products to be healthy|our reply to the assertion that we need animal products to be healthy.]] The fact that in some rare situational circumstances a human might need to eat an animal for survival does not justify eating an animal when it is not necessary.

=== It's a food web, not a chain, and humans' place in the web is closer to anchovies or pigs than lions or tigers. ===

Scientists speak in terms of a food web, not a hierarchical food chain. Tropic levels are used to describe the composition of food consumed, which enables comparisons of diets between species. In such comparisons, humans are "similar to anchovy or pigs and cannot be considered apex predators." 2013 Study, PNAS <ref>Proceedings of the National Academy of Science), Eating up the world’s food web and the human trophic level.)https://www.pnas.org/content/110/51/20617</ref>

=== Our natural abilities suggest we are not natural predators, much less apex predators. === 

That we are not eaten by other species is a consequence of our not living in a more natural environment, such as the wilderness, as well as our ability to use our mental faculties to avoid being eaten. It is not because of physical strength or agility, as is the case with other predators, such as the African wild dog, the lion, or the tiger.

Natural predators, apex or not, have physical characteristics that allow them to seize and kill their prey, rip and tear their prey's flesh, and then eat the raw flesh. Humans are not so good at this. Although we have developed tools that overcome our physical limitations, we don't have what it takes to do this unaided. Also, we insist on cooking the flesh we eat, which no other species of flesh eater does.

=== Our physiology and anatomy suggest that flesh is not a natural food for humans. === 
A comparative review of the physiology and anatomy of animals reveals that humans match closely with herbivores, not omnivores or carnivores. We cover this topic in more depth in  [[In reply to: Humans are natural omnivores; we digest meat, have canine teeth, and have front-facing eyes|our page]] in response to the assertion that "humans are natural omnivores—we digest meat, have canine teeth, and have front-facing eyes."

As that post demonstrates, the length of our intestines, the structure of our teeth, nails, jaw, mouth opening, and facial muscles, our digestive enzymes, our stomach acidity, our ability to detoxify vitamin A, and our urine concentration all point toward humans being herbivorous.<ref>Mills, Milton R. “The Comparative Anatomy of Eating.” VegSource Interactive Inc 26 (1996). https://www.scribd.com/doc/94656/The-Comparative-Anatomy-of-Eating </ref>

=== There is nothing natural about how we get our meat, dairy, and eggs. === 

Selective breeding has resulted in farmed animals that produce far more flesh, far more eggs, and far more milk than their forebears would produce in a natural environment.

Dairy cows produce more than three times the amount of milk they did several decades ago, which burdens them and results in their development of unnaturally large udders.<ref>Blayney, Don P. The Changing Landscape of US Milk Production. US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2002. https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/47162/17864_sb978_1_.pdf?v=41056 </ref>

An egg-laying hen produces more than 300 eggs per year, but the jungle fowl from which they were bred lay four to six eggs in a year.<ref>Cheng, H.-W. “Breeding of Tomorrow’s Chickens to Improve Well-Being.” Poultry Science 89, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 805–13. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00361">https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00361 </a></ref> Also, laying hens are bred to lay large eggs, which they are not evolved for; this stresses their reproductive system and causes such problems as osteoporosis, bone breakage, and uterus prolapse.<ref>Jamieson, Alastair. “Large Eggs Cause Pain and Stress to Hens, Shoppers Are Told,” March 11, 2009, sec. Finance. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/4971966/Large-eggs-cause-pain-and-stress-to-hens-shoppers-are-told.html </ref>

The modern broiler chicken is unnaturally large and has been bred to grow at an unnaturally fast rate and have large breasts. This selective breeding causes numerous afflictions: leg disorders; skeletal, developmental, and degenerative diseases; heart and lung problems; breathing difficulty; and premature death.<ref>Stevenson, Peter. “Leg and Heart Problems in Broiler Chickens.” Compassion in World Farming, January 2003. https://www.ciwf.org.uk/media/3818898/leg-and-heart-problems-in-broilers-for-judicial-review.pdf </ref>

Farmed animals are far from natural—they could not survive in a natural environment. In our contrived animal agriculture system, the concepts of "natural," "circle of life," "apex predation," and "food chain" simply don't apply. And because of this, the fact that animals in the wild eat other animals in the wild is also irrelevant.

=== We shouldn't base our morality on animal behavior. === 

We humans have moral agency, meaning we can judge the consequences of our actions. This implies a degree of responsibility, or duty, to do what is right. It seems that most people believe that nonhuman animals lack the ability to fully contemplate the moral consequences of their actions.<ref>Regan, Tom. The Case for Animal Rights. University of California Press, 2004. 152-154 </ref>

But even if they could, that does not mean we should model our morality on the behaviors of other species. Instead, we should use our moral agency to make ethical decisions, not invoke nebulous and impertinent concepts of what is natural to justify behaviors that unnecessarily harm others.

== See Also ==

== Footnotes ==

<references />

== Meta ==

This article was originally authored by Greg Fuller and copyedited by Isaac Nickerson. The contents may have been edited since that time by others.

{{jfa-meta
| meta-title = In reply to: Eating animals is natural; animals eat animals, it is part of the circle of life, and we are apex predators on top of the food chain.
| meta-keywords = veganism, food chain, animals
| meta-description = An answer to a variety of objections to veganism and animal rights that invoke naturalness, apex predation, circle of life, and food chain.
}}

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