View source for Draft:Links to hundreds of health studies

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These links to health studies have not been vetted. They were found at [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fVAXtjoDYJzSyd99npHaLu2Ylfou3QT07X5lN3JeN0U/mobilebasic?fbclid=IwAR1HTDzi5VoctbznlMqxCr_i9EESs45gxqV4_-FhOT8IqzwmqBaxujiVVMQ#h.vk3ucj2vwf68 this Google doc]. If you know who the author is please contact us so we can give credit.


== Plant-based Diet Benefits  ==

Physicians should recommend plant-based diets to their patients:
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5729135/
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NjklRZ1ctQ
* http://www.thepermanentejournal.org/issues/2013/spring/5117-nutrition.html

Health effects of vegan diets: 
* http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/89/5/1627S.full

Vegan diet is the healthiest diet overall, especially when compared to diet with meat:
* http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/6/3/1318

Plant-based diets were eaten throughout most of human evolution:
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14527636
* http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1467-3010.2000.00019.x/abstract
* http://nutritionfacts.org/video/the-problem-with-the-paleo-diet-argument/

Changing from omnivorous to vegan diet significantly improves intestinal flora (gut bacteria environment):
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8019792

Vegan diet confers health advantages (related to gut microbiota) over vegetarian diets or omnivorous healthy eating:
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25365383

Why Healing Your Gut (and Keeping Your Gut Happy) Is Essential for Good Health Overall:
* https://foodrevolution.org/blog/best-foods-for-gut-health/

‘The way to a man's heart is through his gut microbiota’:
* https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/way-to-a-mans-heart-is-through-his-gut-microbiota-dietary-pro-and-prebiotics-for-the-management-of-cardiovascular-risk/A10EBF1A7F0AB9E9F1EBF874DC287FF5/core-reader

A (raw) vegan diet decreases bacterial enzymes and toxic products that have been implicated in colon cancer risk:
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1552366

Vegan diets lead to healthier intestinal bacteria:
* http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/healthy-intestinal-bacteria

Whole plant foods protect against chronic human diseases through up-regulating intestinal microbiome:
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22607578

Plant-based diets produce gut flora that suppress inflammation and cancer, while omnivorous diets produce gut flora that promote 
DNA damage and the development of cancer:
* http://nutritionfacts.org/video/how-to-change-your-enterotype/

How Gut Bacteria Tell Their Hosts What to Eat:
* https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-gut-bacteria-tell-their-hosts-what-to-eat/

How Gut Bacteria Help Make Us Fat and Thin
* https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-gut-bacteria-help-make-us-fat-and-thin/

USC study finds vegan diet the most effective diet to lose weight:
* http://www.thestate.com/2014/11/09/3802103/usc-study-finds-vegan-diet-most.html
* http://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007%2814%2900423-7/abstract?

A vegan diet may help boost cancer treatments, study finds
* https://nypost.com/2019/08/05/a-vegan-diet-may-help-boost-cancer-treatments-study-finds/
* https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1437-3

Vegans/vegetarians have lower risk of cancer:
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23169929

Vegetarians have better antioxidant and heart disease profiles than healthy omnivores:
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15474873

Vegan proteins may reduce risk of cancer, obesity, cardiovascular disease:
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10687887

Vegan diet leads to lower risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease:
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10943644

Vegetarians have lower levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL (bad) cholesterol than omnivores:
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17364116

Vegetarian diet may promote allergy protection:
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21048771

Vegans have lower rates of high blood pressure, lower BMI, and lower body fat percentage:
* http://www.veganhealth.org/articles/dxmarkers

Vegans have lower risk of type-2 diabetes:
* http://www.veganhealth.org/articles/diabetestwo

Positions of American, Canadian, Australian Dietetic Associations on vegetarian diets:
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12778049
* http://www.veganaustralia.org.au/government_recognises_vegan_diet_as_viable_option_for_all_australians
* http:// www.dietitians.ca/Your-Health/Nutrition-A-Z/Vegetarian-Diets/Eating-Guidelines-for-Vegans.aspx

Plant-based diets are not nutritionally deficient:
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24361028

Reducing saturated fat (and dietary cholesterol) reduces LDL (bad) cholesterol:
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9101427
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12566134
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11593354
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24139973
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2174214
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12716665

A high-carb low-fat (vegan) diet can reduce total and LDL cholesterol and lead to modest weight reduction:
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9805219

Vegans and vegetarians live longer than omnivores, even when controlling for other health factors:
* http://www.mensjournal.com/health-fitness/health/go-vegetarian-live-longer-20140717
* https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/100/suppl_1/353S/4576455
* http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1710093

Plant‐Based Diets Are Associated With a Lower Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Disease Mortality, and
All‐Cause Mortality in a General Population of Middle‐Aged Adults
* https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.119.012865

People who eat more fiber live longer, healthier lives:
* http://www.health.com/nutrition/fiber-the-rx-for-disease-free-aging

Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables promotes cardiovascular health and longevity:
* http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2011/05/18/ajcn.110.009340.abstract

Vegetarians have significantly lower heart disease mortality and cancer incidence:
* http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/337301

Lesser consumption of animal products may improve mood and decrease anxiety:
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22333737

High intake of fruits and vegetables associated with reduced risk of breast cancer:
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22706630

Frequent consumption of nuts may protect against risk of cardiovascular disease:
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1627021

Increasing legume intake can protect against coronary heart disease:
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11718588

Increasing dietary folate can protect against stroke and heart disease:
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11988588

Increasing dietary fibre can protect against heart and cardiovascular disease:
* https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12963562
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11755286

Low intake of dietary cholesterol can prevent heart disease:
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3052353
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16596800

Higher intake of fruit and vegetables lowers risk of cardiovascular disease:
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11010932

Diets that are rich in plant-based foods promote longevity:
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12514290

Higher consumption of fruits and vegetables can protect against cerebrovascular diseases: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19646291
Higher consumption of fruits and vegetables leads to modest reduction in development of major chronic diseases: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15523086
Higher consumption of fruits and vegetables protects against heart disease:
https://ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11412050
Vegetarians have lower risk of ischemic heart disease:
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/97/3/597.full.pdf
Vegans and vegetarians have lower blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12372158
Beneficial association between vegetarian diet and cardiovascular risk factors:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25343719
African-American vegans have better cardiovascular disease risk factors than lacto-ovo- vegetarians: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9791838
Vegans and vegetarians have lower BMI than meat eaters:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12833118
Vegans have lower levels of IGF-1 growth hormone and higher levels of IGF-binding proteins: http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/11/11/1441.full.pdf
Higher levels of IGF-1 increase risk of (prostate) cancer:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2743036/pdf/ukmss-27731.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917205
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10203281
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11018095
Plant-based diets can reduce risk of heart disease and stroke:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12936948
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25431999
Whole foods, plant-based diet relieves symptoms of osteoarthritis:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25815212
Plant-based diets may reduce risk of metabolic syndrome:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25084991
Vegetarian and vegan diets reduce risk of cancer: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21407994
Plant-based diets decrease risk of colorectal cancer: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25592002
Plant-based diets can reverse cardiovascular disease: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25198208
Vegetarian diets have significant benefits for weight reduction:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26138004
Vegetarian diets reduce risk of colorectal cancer: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25751512
Vegetarian diet is associated with lower blood pressure: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24566947
Vegetarian diets have more beneficial effects on health than standard American/European diet:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7635375
Reducing saturated fat and dietary cholesterol will reduce blood cholesterol (mostly LDL cholesterol): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2125600/
As LDL cholesterol increases (and HDL cholesterol decreases), artery plaque increases:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14623804
Vegetarians have lower total cholesterol and higher HDL (good) cholesterol:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7338628
Plant-based diet may reduce risk of breast cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25833979
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24108781
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22860889
The risk of some cancers is lower in vegetarians:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24898235
Vegetarians have lower risk of cataract:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21430115
Vegetarians have lower risk of diverticular disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21771850
Vegetarians have lower ischemic heart disease risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23364007
Meatless diet increases longevity in men:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23923293
A very low-fat vegan diet has more protective nutrients and phytochemicals and minimizes dietary factors linked to chronic diseases:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18237581
A low-fat vegan diet can be nutritionally adequate:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129088
Health benefits of vegetarian diet:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10466166
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15702597
The health of western vegetarians is good:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16441942
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10479226
Health-conscious vegetarians have lower rates of ischemic heart disease than health-conscious meat-eaters: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9415002
Vegetarians have lower risk of dying from ischemic heart disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10555529
Vegetarian diets reduce the risk of cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21407994
Adoption of plant-based diet may help to manage prostate cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16880426
A low-fat vegan diet eaten for 7 days can result in significant favourable changes to biomarkers for CVD and metabolic diseases:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25311617
Vegan diet has lower risk of hypothyroid disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24264226
Vegetarian diet associated with improved health:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24898223
Diabetes, hypertension, obesity more prevalent among meat-eaters than vegetarians:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23283037
Vegetarian nutrition provides more antioxidants:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22530352
Plant-based diets can meet all nutritional needs and may lessen disease risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20148477
Plant-based diets lower plasma cholesterol concentrations:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19766762
Prostate tumor biology can be altered by a low-fat vegan diet:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19300265
Very low meat intake may increase longevity:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12936945
Vegetarians and especially vegans have lower blood pressure and less hypertension:
http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230619
Vegan diets may result in greater weight loss:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25592014
Vegetarian and vegan diets have advantages in treating type 2 diabetes:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20425575
Plant-based diets improve health and lessen disease risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12936940
A raw vegetarian diet can relieve symptoms of fibromyalgia:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11602026
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11093597
Vegan diet promotes physiological health:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10943644
Vegan diet improves rheumatic disorders:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11156742
Mixtures of plant proteins can provide complete and well-balanced source of amino acids for meeting human physiological requirements:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8172124
There are health benefits from no- or low-meat diet:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14980877
Taiwanese vegetarians have lower total and LDL cholesterol, and better cardiovascular risk profiles: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17356561
Strong protective association between Taiwanese vegetarian diet and diabetes:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24523914
Vegetarian diets provide more health benefits than omnivorous diets:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23218480
Cancer-preventive effects of vegan diets:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21862237
Japanese vegetarians have better nutritional characteristics than Japanese omnivores:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18603818
A whole foods vegan diet reversed angina without medications or procedures:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25755896
A plant-based diet can reduce risk of all-cause mortality:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24871477
Fiber and fruit intakes associated with reduction in total mortality:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25411285
Vegetarian diet produces lower levels of cardiovascular disease risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9812174
Vegetarian diets can meet all nutritional needs:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1046253
Plant-derived proteins are associated with lower mortality than animal-derived proteins:
http:/www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/abstract/S1550-4131(14)00062-X
Fiber and fruit intake are associated with reduction in total mortality:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25411285
Vegans have lower incidence of insulin resistance (which may lead to type 2 diabetes) and higher incidence of insulin sensitivity (which can help fat loss and is a sign of good health): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24149445
Vegans have a food intake that is cardio-protective and improves insulin sensitivity: http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15523486
Strong protective association between vegetarian diet and diabetes (after controlling for confounders): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24523914
Vegan and vegetarian diets can offer substantial protection against obesity and type 2 diabetes (after lifestyle and BMI were taken into account):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19351712
Vegetarians have significantly less negative emotion than omnivores:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2887769/
Lowering fat and increasing carbs is better for treating type 2 diabetes:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26303195
Dietary fat restriction results in more fat loss than carbohydrate restriction in obese people: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26278052
Vegetarian diets increase metabolism:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517036/
Plant-based diets may be best for breast cancer survival:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/breast-cancer-survivial-plant-based-diets
Meat-free diets are best for weight loss:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/meat-free-weight-loss-diet
Vegetarian diets aid weight management:
http://www.pcrm.org/vegetarian-diets-aid-weight-management
Fruit helps prevent weight gain:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/fruit-helps-prevent-weight-gain
Vegan diets have lower risk of hyperthyroidism:
http://www.pcrm.org/plant-based-diets-cut-hyperthyroid
Avoiding red meat improves inflammation:
http://www.pcrm.org/avoiding-red-meat-improves-inflammation
Vegan diet may help diabetic neuropathy:
http://www.pcrm.org/vegan-diet-may-help-diabetic-neuropathy
Plant-based diets can improve digestive health of individuals with diabetes:
http://www.pcrm.org/plant-based-diets-deliver-improved-care-and-digestive-health-to-individuals-with-diabetes
Vegetarian diet protects against colorectal cancer
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/vegetarian-diet-protects-against-colorectal-cancer
Vegetarian diet reduces risk of heart attack:
http://www.pcrm.org/vegetarian-diet-reduces-risk-of-heart-attack
Plant-based dietary intervention improves productivity and alleviates anxiety and depression in a corporate setting:
https://www.pcrm.org/news/health-nutrition/plant-based-dietary-intervention-corporate-setting-improves-productivity
Plant-based diets lower risk of heart disease in obese children:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/plant-based-diets-lower-risk-of-heart-disease-in
Adopting a vegetarian diet leads to weight loss, without calorie counting or exercise:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/vegan-diet-causes-weight-loss-without-exercise
High-fiber diets increase lifespan:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/high-fiber-diets-increase-lifespan
Plant-based diets improve inflammation:
http://www.pcrm.org/plant-based-diet-improves-inflammation
Plant-based diets can reduce migraine pain: http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/plant-based-diet-reduces-migraine-pain
Vegetarian diets associated with lower blood pressure:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24566947
Vegans have better cholesterol levels:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24346473
A high carb, low fat vegetarian diet lowers cholesterol, blood sugars, and weight:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/vegetarian-diet-lowers-cholesterol-weight-blood
Plant-based diet can reduce breast cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24108781
A low fat, plant-based diet may slow aging:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/low-fat-plant-based-diet-may-slow-aging
Cutting out meat can boost heart attack victims’ chances of survival:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/cutting-out-meat-boosts-heart-attack-survival
A low-fat, plant-filled diet reduces weight and symptoms of menopause:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/low-fat-plant-diet-reduces-weight-menopause
Higher fiber intake lowers risk of disease mortality:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/fiber-lowers-risk-of-death
Vegetarian diets improve mood and lower stress:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/vegetarian-diets-improve-mood-and-lower-stress
Vegetarian diets are better for kidney disease patients:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/vegetarian-diets-better-for-kidney-patients
Women on vegan diets have more omega-3 ‘good fats’ in their blood:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/women-on-vegan-diets-have-more-long-chain-omega-3s
Low fat vegetarian diet may help prevent heart attacks:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/vegetarian-diet-and-healthy-lifestyle-rejuvenate
Vegetarians are healthier than non-vegetarians:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10479227
Case study of a man with no cardiac disease who developed high cholesterol, atherosclerosis, and erectile dysfunction after going on Atkins diet, and then resolved health problems after discontinuing the diet: http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/case-study-shows-risks-with-atkins-diet
Vegetarian and vegan diets present advantages for type 2 diabetes treatment:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19386029
A low fat vegan diet helps type 2 diabetes patients to lose weight and improve blood sugar and cholesterol:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/improving-diabetes-with-a-low-fat-vegan-diet-
Lifelong veganism does not have adverse effects on bone density:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19350341
Low fat diet may reduce ovarian cancer risk:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/cutting-dietary-fat-may-reduce-ovarian-cancer-risk
A diet low in saturated fat should be recommended to reduce heart disease risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12737709
Replacing saturated fat with healthier fats is effective at reducing the total to HDL cholesterol ratio: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11593354
Replacement of saturated fat with fruits, vegetables, grains, and legumes reduces total and LDL cholesterol:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9805219
Low fat diet reduces total and LDL cholesterol:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8390511
Vegetarians experience less heart disease, less diabetes, lower body weight, lower LDL cholesterol, lower blood pressure, less hypertension, lower all-cause mortality, and less cancer: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677008/
Vegetarian diet reduces risk of colorectal/intestinal cancer:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7652722
Lower heart disease mortality among vegetarians:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6291372
Vegetarianism confers some protection against heart disease, as well as lower cholesterol and BMI: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3414590
Vegetarians have less gastro-intestinal cancer, gallstones, diverticular disease, and constipation: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7988064
Very low meat intake associated with greater longevity:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12936945
Vegans have lower total and LDL cholesterol, lower death rates (after adjusting for other risk factors), half the risk of an emergency appendectomy:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10479226
Animal fat, saturated animal fat, and dietary cholesterol associated with heart disease mortality: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10479226
In health-conscious individuals, lower intakes of saturated animal fat and dietary cholesterol are associated with lower risk of heart disease:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9415002
Heart disease much less frequent in strict vegetarians than moderate vegetarians:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1391130
Vegetarians have lower risk of dying from heart disease:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10555529
Adoption of a low-fat vegan diet was associated with significant weight loss in overweight postmenopausal women, without limits on caloric intake:
http://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(05)00279-2/abstract
Worksite vegan nutrition program is well-accepted and improves general health, physical functioning, mental health, vitality, overall diet satisfaction, and productivity:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20389060
Vegans and vegetarians are NOT deficient in protein, while 97% of Americans are deficient in fiber, 98% are deficient in potassium, 96% are deficient in bean intake and greens intake, and 99% are deficient in whole grain intake:
http://nutritionfacts.org/2015/09/29/where-do-you-get-your-fiber/
Saturated fats can be replaced by polyunsaturated fats or high-quality carbs to reduce heart disease risk: http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=2445322
Plant protein is a robust marker of a healthy diet:
http://jn.nutrition.org/content/143/9/1466.abstract
Well-planned vegan or vegetarian diets can meet all nutritional needs and confer many health benefits: http://ajl.sagepub.com/content/6/3/250.abstract
Low animal product consumption associated with low colon cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1023522
Vegan men have lower IGF-1 and higher testosterone levels than vegetarian and omnivorous men: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10883675
Vegetarian women have increased fecal output of estrogen and lower plasma concentration of estrogen: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7144835
Low fat, high fiber diet can reduce serum IGF-1 and prostate cancer risk:
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2011/529053/
Low IGF-1 levels protect against cancer (Vegans have very low IGF-1): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17166755
Centenarians often have low IGF-1:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19139887
Low fat vegan diets can promote longevity:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18789600
Low fat whole foods vegan diet may slow the aging process:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12699704
Low protein vegan diets may reduce risk of several cancers:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21862237
Vegetarians have more insulin sensitivity than omnivores:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14749752
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16441925
Long-term vegetarian nutrition has beneficial effects in prevention of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15940383
Vegans have lower urine protein level:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17365939
Saturated fat intake should be reduced to lower CVD risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22592684
Healthy vegetarians have better blood pressure, lipid profiles, metabolic parameters, lower artery thickness, and lower CVD risk than healthy omnivores:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22412169
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21929760
Vegan diets confer protection against CVD, some cancers, total mortality, obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular mortality:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24871675
A plant-based diet may benefit all aspects of the metabolic profile:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26355190
Omnivores have significantly more cardiovascular risk factors than vegetarians, including higher BMI, waist to hip ratio, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21204526
Vegetarians have lower mortality from all-cause, heart disease, circulatory and cerebrovascular diseases, and lower risk of cancer and type 2 diabetes:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23965907
Vegetarians have less oxidizable LDL than omnivores (oxidized LDL is very bad for health): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10827215
Reducing total and saturated fat reduces the oxidative susceptibility of LDL in healthy men and women: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10958817
Vegetarians have lower cholesterol and risk of heart disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11022876
Long-term consumption of a low-calorie low-protein vegan diet in sedentary subjects is just as good (if not better) for health than consumption of a western diet in very active or sedentary subjects: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17518696
Vegan and vegetarian diets improve body weight, glycemic control, and CVD risk factors, and protect against developing metabolic syndrome:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25084991
Vegetarian diets can help reduce the risk of cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21407994
Plant-based diet can lower inflammation, CVD and cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19685439
Plant-based diets can lower cholesterol:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Ferdowsian+HR%2C+Barnard+ND.+The+effects+of+plant-based+diets+on+plasma+lipids.+Am+J+Cardiol.+2009%3B104%3A947-956
High carb, high fiber diets increase insulin sensitivity:
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/52/3/524.long
Rapeseed oil (extremely low in saturated fat, no cholesterol) reduces total, LDL, and oxidized LDL cholesterol, whereas butter (high in saturated fat and cholesterol) does not:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21122147
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1362891
The addition of safflower or olive oil (extremely low in SF, no cholesterol) to a very low fat vegetarian diet produced favourable lipoprotein lipid profile changes, compared to the addition of butter: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8152346
Vegetarian diets favourably affect plasma lipid levels, and reducing saturated fat and dietary cholesterol reduce LDL cholesterol:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2846672
Partially hydrogenated vegetable oils reduce LDL cholesterol more than butter:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7666013
A diet will benefit from a reduction in saturated fats, cholesterol, meat, and fatty dairy foods:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12562864
Saturated fat should be replaced by polyunsaturated fat and/or unprocessed grains to protect against heart disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2943062/
Vegan and vegetarian diets are safe in pregnancy:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25600902
Low protein diet can decrease risk of cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158430
Vegetarian diet can reduce risk of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance and provide metabolic and cardiovascular protective effects:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23951247
Vegans and vegetarians enjoy greater longevity and lower risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cancers, all-cause mortality, and metabolic syndrome:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26148917
A plant-based diet has protective effects against atherosclerotic artery disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25431999
Low fat vegan diet increases intake of protective nutrients and phytochemicals, and reduces intake of dietary factors implicated in several chronic diseases:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18237581
A low fat vegan diet can be nutritionally adequate (although vitamin D may need to be supplemented): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129088
Appropriately planned vegan diets can satisfy the nutritional needs of infants and children:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11424546
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11424545
A strict vegan diet can help children and adults achieve and maintain desirable blood lipid levels:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1849932
Low fat diet can reduce risk of skin cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7622291
A diet high in fruit and vegetable fiber reduces risk of CVD and colon cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11288049
Low intake of animal fat may reduce risk of Crohn’s disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24102340
Rheumatoid arthritis can be treated by vegetarian diet:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10479237
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16603443
Very low fat vegan diet causes significant reductions in rheumatoid arthritis symptoms:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11890437
A raw vegan diet decreases symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9566667
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9117178
Vegetarians have dietary factors that protect against hormone-dependent cancers:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3027456
Vegan diets have lowest levels of flame-retardant chemicals (pollutants):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11346131
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222930500505177
Low fat, high fiber, plant-based diet with exercise program results in major reduction of breast cancer risk: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965238
Vegetarian women excrete more estrogen than omnivorous women (and high levels of estrogen promote breast cancer):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7144835
A low fat, high fiber diet can prevent breast cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8625075
Vegetarians have lower risk of metabolic syndrome:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22528775
Low fat, high fiber plant-based diets reduce the risk of endometrial cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9270408
Reduction in dietary fat can cause major reduction in cancer incidence:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2102280
Meat intake has adverse effect, while plant foods have beneficial effect, on blood pressure: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16332648
Long-term adherence to low fat diet can reduce cancer risks:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2012020
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3756806
The greatest impact on lowering total and LDL cholesterol comes from reducing saturated fat and dietary cholesterol, and increasing fiber-rich complex carbohydrates:
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/95/12/2701.full
Fiber and whole grain intake protect against the progression of atherosclerosis:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14668268
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17556684
High fiber diet can decrease cholesterol and risk for heart disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2823590
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14525684
High fiber intake is protective for heart disease mortality:
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/126/6/1093.abstract?ijkey=acde026f801f6d26e396921ace9d6f7d196b758a&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Vegetarian diet may be cure-all for modern lifestyle diseases:
http://qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/content/92/9/531.abstract
Vegan diet can help prevent and treat heart disease:
http://www.ahjonline.com/article/S0002-8703(77)80080-X/abstract
High fiber intakes lower cholesterol levels even in diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8389421? access_num=8389421&link_type=MED&dopt=Abstract
Vegans are not nutrient deficient and have lower cholesterol and blood pressure:
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/34/11/2464?ijkey=4b13bd2275a4a2b3dc27fd3e490ac589aface1bd&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Vegan diets may reduce risk of cancers and CVD:
http://biohorizons.oxfordjournals.org/content/3/2/197.abstract
Vegetarian diet may help treat mild hypertension:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3896594?dopt=Abstract
Vegetarian diet reduces all-cause mortality risk:
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/100/Supplement_1/320S.abstract
Plant-based diets can be extremely healthy:
http://ajl.sagepub.com/content/6/3/250.abstract
Plant-based diets can prevent the development of several chronic age-related diseases:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1741-7015-8-54.pdf
Healthy vegan/vegetarian diets do not produce nutrient deficiencies (except possibly for B12 without supplementation) and protect against many diseases:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2063109
A vegetarian diet has a more beneficial effect on health than standard European diet:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7635375
Vegetarian diet can prevent DNA damage:
http://www.biomed.cas.cz/physiolres/pdf/57/57_647.pdf
Vegetarian diet increases metabolism, which results in more fat loss:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772587
Meat eaters are nine times more likely than vegetarians to get gallstone disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20071875
Plant-based diets are optimal for lowering cholesterol:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19766762
Vegetarian diet can reduce chronic disease risk, allergies, need for surgery, use of medications, and use of health services:
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/59/5/1171S.long
The blood of a vegan is nine times better at reducing prostate cancer cell growth than the blood of a meat eater:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16094059
Low fat vegan/vegetarian diet can cause weight loss, increased energy, and reduced menstrual pain in women:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022318200705905
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10674588
A low fat vegetarian diet reduces total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10760336
High fat foods increase the risk for gastro-esophageal disease, while high fiber foods decrease the risk: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23477993
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591498
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591498
A vegan diet lowers homocysteine levels:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10684746
Even if HDL cholesterol lowers on a low-fat vegan diet, cardiovascular risk factors improve: http://www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/content/10/1/58
Vegetarian diet can produce enhanced antioxidant system capable of reducing exercise-induced oxidative stress:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20845212
Vegetarian diet has two advantages over omnivorous diet: lower fat and cholesterol intakes, and higher antioxidant nutrient intakes, and hence vegetarians may live longer as a result:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10696634
Saturated fat should be replaced by unsaturated fats and/or high quality carbs to reduce heart disease risk: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109715046914
http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/butter-is-not-back-limiting-saturated-fat-still-best-for-heart-health/
Eating a plant-based diet can reduce cancer risk:
http://www.wcrf-uk.org/uk/preventing-cancer/ways-reduce-cancer-risk/plant-foods-and-cancer-prevention
Vegan women give birth to twins one fifth as often as vegetarian and omnivorous women (and twin pregnancies are more dangerous):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16779988
Switching from animal protein diet to plant protein diet lowers cholesterol:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/567007
Consumption of a high carb, low protein meal can improve depression, tension, anger, confusion, sadness, fatigue, alertness, and calmness (in patients with premenstrual syndrome): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2589444
High carb meals increase brain tryptophan and serotonin levels more than high protein meals: http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/77/1/128.full.pdf+html
WHO says healthy diet limits saturated fat; is high in fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, whole grains; and does not explicitly recommend meat, dairy, or eggs:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs394/en/
A 3-week whole foods vegan diet improves several risk factors for metabolic and cardiovascular disease: http://www.lipidworld.com/content/pdf/1476-511X-9-94.pdf
A 3-week whole foods vegan diet improves biomarkers of antioxidant status and oxidative stress: http://www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/content/pdf/1743-7075-8-17.pdf
Vegetarian diets lower cholesterol levels:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/vegetarian-diets-lower-cholesterol-levels
Vegan diet can improve kidney function:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1809035
Diet high in fibre and low in animal protein/fat leads to a population free of heart disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/214199
Semi-vegetarian diet is highly effective at preventing relapse of Crohn’s disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2877178/pdf/WJG-16-2484.pdf
A plant-based diet is anti-inflammatory and may lower risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19685439
Red meat and cheese increase risk of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2937110/pdf/WJG-16-4297.pdf
Vegetarian and vegan diets favorably affect serum markers of hemostasis and inflammation: http://www.tbiomed.com/content/pdf/1742-4682-7-31.pdf
The problem with the paleo diet argument:
http://nutritionfacts.org/video/the-problem-with-the-paleo-diet-argument/
Higher intake of legumes can decrease risk of several cancers:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19653110
Higher intake of fruits and vegetables (especially fruit) may decrease risk of cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19640185
Total plant food intake inversely associated with risk of stomach cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11535878
Plant foods protect against laryngeal cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10861463
Vegetarian diets are nutrient dense and vegetarians get more fiber, vitamins A, C, and E, thiamin, riboflavin, folate, calcium, magnesium, iron, and potassium than omnivores, and vegetarian diets can naturally induce weight loss without calorie restriction:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21616194
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21616188
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21616193
Vegetarians have higher resting metabolic rate than non-vegetarians:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8177051
After adjusting for lifestyle factors, a vegetarian diet is associated with more favourable metabolic risk factors and lower risk of metabolic syndrome:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21411506
Vegetable protein is associated with lower blood pressure:
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/120/3/221.full.pdf+html
Vegetarians who eat a well-balanced diet are not at greater risk of iron deficiency than non-vegetarians: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25369923
Vegetarian diets should be recommended for weight management:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24871478
Main components of the Mediterranean diet that promote lower mortality are low alcohol consumption, low meat consumption, and high consumption of fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19549997
A plant-based diet with less than 10% fat will prevent heart disease from developing, will halt the progress of existing disease, and may even reverse the disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10946449
Vegan diets may confer a lower risk of prostate cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26561618
Low saturated fat and high fruit/vegetable intakes protect against heart disease mortality:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15735093
High dietary fiber protects against risk of stroke:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23317525
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23073261
High fiber intake can prevent arterial stiffening:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22623748
Greater fiber intake is associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease and heart disease:
http://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f6879
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22872372
Increasing fiber consumption before and after myocardial infarction is significantly associated with lower cardiovascular and all cause mortality:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24782515
Plant fiber protects against many modern western diseases:
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02590265
Vegetarians have lower cholesterol and arachidonic acid levels and decreased risk of heart disease and atherosclerosis:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41558742_The_Effect_of_Vegetarian_Diets_on_Plasma_Lipid_and_Platelet_Levels
Higher fruit intake protects against erectile dysfunction:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/fruit-prevents-erectile-dysfunction
Vegan diets confer lower risk of prostate cancer:
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/103/1/153.abstract
High fiber diet improves lung health:
http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201509-609OC#.VqaoHDYY_G4
High fibre intake reduces colon cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22074852
Plant-based diet is better than calorie restriction for reducing the cancer-promoting growth hormone IGF-1:
http://nutritionfacts.org/video/caloric-restriction-vs-plant-based-diets/
High fiber intake reduces breast cancer risk:
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/01/28/peds.2015-1226
The diet patterns associated with biomarkers of inflammation are almost all meat-based diets, whereas vegetable- and fruit-based diets were inversely associated with inflammation:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23865797
Animal and meat protein are positively associated with inflammation, while vegetable protein is inversely associated (or neutral):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24607301
Prevalence of obesity is low in vegetarians:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8842088
Restricting meat can significantly improve mood state in omnivores despite lowered intake of EPA and DHA:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3293760/pdf/1475-2891-11-9.pdf
Fruit, vegetable, antioxidant intakes are lower in adults with depression:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23174689
Increasing antioxidant intake (from food) can reduce depressive symptoms:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22935166
The best diet for prevention of weight gain, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and CVD is low in fat and high in carbs, fiber, grains, and protein:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15968579
Soy protein diet has beneficial effect on cholesterol levels versus casein diet (from milk):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6942648
In people with lowered kidney function, soy milk improves kidney function more than dairy milk: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24877660
Soy rather than dairy protein improves kidney function and blood lipids:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15284369
Total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol are lower on a tofu versus meat diet:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10694766
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25008579
Tofu diet reduces total and LDL cholesterol and LDL oxidative susceptibility versus a meat diet: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11194529

== Animal Products Harm ==

Animal protein can be as bad as smoking in increasing your risk of dying of cancer:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140304125639.htm
95% of persistent organic pollutants consumed by humans are consumed from animal products: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24262435
Dietary cholesterol can adversely affect cholesterol profile by increasing ratio of total to HDL cholesterol: http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/73/5/885.abstract
National Heart Foundation of Australia says that increased saturated fat intake increases LDL cholesterol and heart disease risk, that increased dietary cholesterol intake may increase total cholesterol and heart disease risk, and that a vegetarian diet can reduce heart disease risk: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1630369
High saturated fat intake is associated with risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease mortality: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25948671
Reducing saturated fat intake may reduce cardiovascular disease risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068959
Increased consumption of animal products may lead to increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24037034
High saturated fat diets may increase risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24970568
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24916582
Increased total cholesterol is associated with increased risk of several cancers:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21422422
Increased cholesterol levels may increase breast cancer development:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22867847
Increased LDL cholesterol in breast tissue may reduce survival time of breast cancer patients: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3081176
High dietary cholesterol intakes may have undesirable effects related to the development of coronary artery disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16549459
A typical Western diet could lead to arterial atherosclerosis:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16270280
Dietary cholesterol may accelerate atherosclerosis:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12562864
Dietary cholesterol is harmful to the arteries (and the idea that dietary cholesterol can be good for you is completely wrong):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21076725
Increased dietary cholesterol increases total and LDL cholesterol:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8148356
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26109578
Regular consumption of soy protein has significant favorable impact on cholesterol risk factors for coronary heart disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21730216
Dietary cholesterol does (modestly) increase blood cholesterol:
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/55/6/1060.long
A lower ratio of omega 6/omega 3 fatty acids (the ratio in the typical Western diet is very high) can help reduce the risk of many chronic diseases:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12442909
Animal protein is more cholesterolemic and atherogenic than plant protein:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2130155
High blood cholesterol and atherosclerosis can be caused in rabbits by feeding them animal proteins (but not plant proteins):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7117552
Cancer can be prevented by minimizing meat consumption:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515569/
Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes (and poor diet is a major cause of cancer):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515569/
Soy milk lowers LDL cholesterol better than dairy milk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18187432
Replacing dairy with soy improves plasma lipid profiles of people with hypercholesterolemia: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9189647
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21952693
High (saturated) fat diet may boost breast cancer risk:
http://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/news/20140409/high-fat-diet-may-boost-breast-cancer-risk
http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/106/5/dju068
Saturated fat does increase heart disease and stroke risk:
http://www.pcrm.org/nbBlog/index.php/new-bmj-study-may-fuel-confusion-over-bad-fats
Saturated fat may increase, and vegetable fat may decrease, risk of death from prostate cancer: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26047644
Reducing saturated fat intake should reduce risk of death from prostate cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10325493
High fat diet slows metabolism:
http://www.pcrm.org/high-fat-diet-slows-metabolism
Animal fat intake can increase breast cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24715379
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12865454
High intake of animal fat increases colon cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2172820
A diet high in saturated fat and low in fiber increases risk of colorectal adenoma:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1310511
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8388061
High (red) meat intake can increase colorectal adenoma risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11270799
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14639617
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10485479
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11352869
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16775169
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16140978
Grilled red meat intake is risk factor for pancreatic cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12351162
High red and processed meat intake increase colorectal cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16512959
High saturated fat intake increases breast cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16512959
Reducing saturated fat intake can reduce risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia:
http://www.neurobiologyofaging.org/article/S0197-4580(14)00355-8/fulltext#sec5
A dietary pattern high in processed meat, red meat, added fats, non-whole grains and white potato products and low in fresh fruit is a risk factor for all-cause mortality:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2912488/
Low saturated fat diet improves insulin sensitivity:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23801725
High fat diet boosts brain proteins linked to Alzheimer’s disease:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/high-fat-diet-brain-proteins-alzheimers
Dietary fat intake acutely increases glucose concentrations and insulin requirements in type 1 diabetes patients:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23193216
Lower intakes of saturated fat may reduce cognitive decline in individuals with type 2 diabetes: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19336640
Higher intake of saturated fat and cholesterol were related to increased CVD risk in women with type 2 diabetes:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15159229
(Saturated) fat and cholesterol intake can increase dementia risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11115801
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9392577
A diet high in saturated fat may be associated with cognitive decline among older persons: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15136684
High-protein diets can increase weight gain:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/high-protein-diets-increase-weight-gain
High cholesterol increases breast cancer risk:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/high-cholesterol-increases-risk-of-breast-cancer
High cholesterol levels lower fertility:
http://www.pcrm.org/high-cholesterol-levels-lower-fertility
High animal protein intake may lead to diabetes:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/animal-protein-may-lead-to-diabetes
Eating a diet high in animal protein leads to earlier death:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/animal-protein-linked-to-early-death
Consumption of meat and animal products is strongly linked to several types of cancer:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/animal-products-linked-to-cancer
High-fat, high-protein diets linked to Type 2 diabetes:
http://www.pcrm.org/high-fat-high-protein-diets-linked-to-type-2-diabetes
A byproduct of dietary choline (abundantly present in animal products) can lead to greater risk of heart attack, stroke, and death:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/component-animal-products-increase-risk-heart
People who eat meat produce more artery-clogging intestinal byproducts:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/researchers-discover-new-way-meat-causes-heart
Low carb, high protein diets increase risk of heart disease:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/low-carb-diets-increase-risk-of-heart-disease
Low carb, high fat diet can increase cholesterol levels and heart disease risk:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/low-carb-diets-increase-heart-disease-risk
High cholesterol intake is associated with increased type 2 and gestational diabetes:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324948
Low carb, high animal protein diet linked to higher risk of mortality:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/low-carb-high-animal-protein-diet-linked-to-higher
High fat foods are not very satiating, those who follow high-fat rather than low-fat diets are more likely to be overweight, and low fat, high carb, high fiber diets are the best for promoting satiety and losing weight: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8839929
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10721885
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9216571
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8475895
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17539869
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8862476
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10403587
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10365993
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11103223
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10435117
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7900695
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7661908
Eskimos have just as much heart disease as non-Eskimos:
http://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/polopoly_fs/1.1814937!/httpFile/file.pdf
Atherosclerosis is not a modern disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23489753
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21939751
Older Eskimos have more bone loss than older non-Eskimos: http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/27/9/916.full.pdf
Atherosclerosis is only a disease of herbivores (since humans can get atherosclerosis, humans are therefore herbivores):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1849886/
Animal protein is associated with decreased bone health:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/animal-protein-bad-for-bones
Diets higher in protein and animal protein increase diabetes risk:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/animal-protein-linked-to-increased-diabetes-risk
Dietary animal fat from red meat and dairy increases pancreatic cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2724851/
Men who consume a high saturated fat diet are significantly more likely to have a biochemical failure after prostate cancer removal and a shorter biochemical-failure-free survival:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/high-saturated-fat-diets-linked-to-short-failure
High protein, low carb diets associated with increased mortality risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17136037
Even a single high fat meal can cause the heart to beat harder and blood pressure to rise:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/high-fat-fast-food-meals-cause-the-heart-to-beat
Animal product intake may increase risk of endometrial cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17230528
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8452119
Saturated fat can decrease endothelial function:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12713452
Intake of animal fat during premenopausal years associated with increased breast cancer risk: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12865454
Medical students are more likely to be vegetarian than the average adult: http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17197274
The risk of fatal heart disease in non-vegetarian Seventh-Day Adventists is (three times) greater than the risk in vegetarian SDAs (even after adjusting for other risk factors):
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/707372
Meat, egg, and milk consumption all positively associated with increased mortality, heart disease, cancer, diabetes in SDAs:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3046303
High (animal) protein diets associated with increased cancer risk:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/high-protein-diets-associated-with-increased
High total and LDL cholesterol are associated with cognitive impairment in old age:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11890840
In animal models, low carb high protein diets have adverse vascular effects:
http://www.pnas.org/content/106/36/15418?ijkey=8eea30a706a00c7074cebab4e11ebae0222dc64f&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
High fat diet is detrimental to heart and brain in healthy subjects:
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/93/4/748.abstract
Low carb, high protein diets are associated with increase in total mortality:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17136037?access_num=17136037&link_type=MED&dopt=Abstract
Low carb diet based on animal sources associated with higher all-cause mortality:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20820038?access_num=20820038&link_type=MED&dopt=Abstract
Low carb diet high in animal products is associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (but low carb plant-based diet does not increase these risks):
http://jaha.ahajournals.org/content/3/5/e001169.full.pdf+html
Low carb, high protein diets increase cardiovascular disease risk:
http://www.bmj.com/content/344/bmj.e4026
High intake of animal protein significantly associated with greater risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, whereas high intake of plant protein reduced the risk:
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/36/7/2001.abstract
High intake of saturated fat associated with a number of risk factors:
http://jn.nutrition.org/content/145/2/299.abstract
High total and animal protein intake associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes:
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/37/7/1854.abstract
Dietary cholesterol increases paraoxonase 1 enzyme activity (associated with cardiovascular and other diseases):
http://www.jlr.org/content/53/11/2450.abstract
The consumption of animal fat appears to increase the growth of gut bacteria that turn bile acids into carcinogens:
http://nutritionfacts.org/video/how-to-reduce-carcinogenic-bile-acid-production/
Aortic fatty streaks strongly related to both total and LDL cholesterol, as well as high blood pressure: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM198601163140302
Diets rich in saturated fat cause obesity and insulin resistance:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18481955
Excessive intake and saturated and trans fats is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and obesity:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509418
Animal products contain naturally occurring trans fats:
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/Trans-Fats_UCM_301120_Article.jsp
Trans fat intake, regardless of source, increases heart disease risk: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22059639
http://nutritionfacts.org/2014/02/27/trans-fat-in-animal-fat/
Animal-based trans fat can increase cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22821174
High intake of animal-based trans fat can adversely affect cholesterol:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18326596
Very high intakes of animal trans fat reduce cholesterol absorption (allowing more cholesterol to enter blood circulation):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21656668
All trans fatty acids (natural or industrial) raise the ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20209147
Problems with the study showing no link between saturated fat and heart disease (and supported by the National Dairy Council):
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/92/2/459.2.full
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/91/3/497.full
There are no tolerable upper levels for saturated fat, trans fat, and dietary cholesterol (because they all increase LDL cholesterol concentration):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21521229
Increased dairy and meat consumption are major risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442749
Meat and dairy can cause acne:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22870349
Diet rich in saturated fat induces obesity-linked proinflammatory gene expression profile:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19828712
High cholesterol intakes may have undesirable effects related to the development of coronary artery disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16549459
A high-fat diet coordinately downregulates genes required for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15983191
Saturated and trans fatty acids can contribute to disease progression in chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, allergy, cancer, atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart hypertrophy, and other metabolic and degenerative diseases:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509418
Saturated fat may decrease insulin sensitivity:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15998628
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11317662
High protein intake can increase overweight/obesity risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23472080
Protein ingestion causes insulin resistance:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25475435
High fat diet can promote insulin resistance:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22560213
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18460913
A single high fat meal impairs endothelial function:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9036757
High dietary fat can cause blood coagulation:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9430384
High cholesterol level is risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16156481
High blood pressure and cholesterol level increase Alzheimer’s disease risk:
http://www.bmj.com/content/322/7300/1447?goto=reply
Reduction in cholesterol level benefits stroke, total, and cardiovascular mortality risk:
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=417802
Low dietary folate may be risk factor for severe depression:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15479987
High intake of animal fat can increase kidney disease risk:
http://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/5/5/836.full.pdf+html
Intake of saturated fat (as cream) induces inflammation and plasma endotoxins:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2858203/pdf/zdc991.pdf
High fat meal induces low-grade endotoxemia (contributing to inflammation and atherosclerosis): http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/86/5/1286.full
High fat diet may contribute to chronic airway and lung inflammatory diseases:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20165863
Substituting saturated fat for unsaturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11317662
High protein diets may increase coronary artery disease risk, body fat, and inflammatory and coagulation pathways:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11108325
Low carb, high fat, high protein diet has negative effect on artery reactivity:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22850317
Low carb diets high in animal protein and fat may increase type 2 diabetes risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22850317
Animal protein associated with long-term weight gain:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21139559
Diets rich in saturated fat cause obesity and insulin resistance:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7598063
Dietary fat and cholesterol accelerate atherosclerosis by increasing oxidized LDL:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16270280
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12562864
Type 2 diabetes increases risk of heart disease or stroke by two to four times (vegans/ vegetarians have lower risk of diabetes, and diets high in (saturated) fat and animal products increase risk of diabetes): http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Diabetes/WhyDiabetesMatters/Cardiovascular-Disease-Diabetes_UCM_313865_Article.jsp/
Saturated fat has a negative effect on reverse cholesterol transport:
http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v58/n6/full/1601890a.html
High cholesterol levels can cause brain degeneration:
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/294/5542/508.summary
Lower cholesterol levels can prevent Alzheimer’s disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11571339
Endothelial dysfunction may be involved in the development of AD:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24224133
There is a positive association between cholesterol and AD:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0361923011001870
Intracranial atherosclerosis can contribute to development of AD:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21388893
High total cholesterol is a risk factor for AD:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9549720
Dietary fat can increase breast cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1389494
Consumption of animal foods positively linked to breast cancer mortality:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1389494
High consumption of animal foods associated with increased colon cancer mortality:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8415126
High animal protein intake associated with increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20461067
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22055893
Increased dietary intake of animal protein can increase risk of Crohn’s disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8615358
High dietary intakes of total fat and meat associated with increased risk of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21468064
Total fat intake positively associated with Crohn’s disease risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21468064
High animal protein intake associated with increased risk of ulcerative colitis (relapse):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774231/
High fat intake can increase risk of cancer (mortality), risk of atherosclerosis, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, gallbladder disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9216562
Total and saturated fat intake strongly associated with breast, colon, prostate cancer: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2377587
The amount of dietary cholesterol and saturated fat is the major determinant of atherosclerosis and heart disease, and fat intake is directly related to obesity and breast cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8205278
Fat intake is a determinant of breast cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1619683
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7779738
Consumption of animal fats is implicated in breast and bowel cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8234215
The evidence strongly supports the low-fat diet as the optimal choice for the prevention of weight gain and obesity:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12133213
Total fat, animal protein, and dietary cholesterol associated with breast, endometrial, prostate, lung, laryngeal cancers:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12133213
High saturated fat intake can increase cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1536909
Diets rich in animal products may promote endometrial cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8452119
Diets high in red meat and eggs increase risk of colon cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12646508
High red meat and dairy consumption can double risk of colon cancer (whereas plant foods are protective):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14999782
A high meat/fat/dairy diet may increase the risk of ovarian cancer and skin cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056595
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17490979
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19462452
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19462452
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16030089
Saturated fat consumption associated with lung cancer in non-smoking women:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8230280
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8785668
Low consumption of plant foods, and high consumption of red meat, total fat, and cholesterol increase lung cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11750712
Fat-rich foods associated with increased lung cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9180143
Dietary cholesterol intake may cause colon cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/90870?dopt=Abstract
High intake of saturated fat and cholesterol associated with increased heart disease risk, while high fiber intake decreases this risk:
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM198503283121302
Dietary cholesterol is directly related to heart disease mortality:
http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/14/1/97?ijkey=19fe3f40e9661d7865c9611b2f4a926fced330e1&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Eggs and meat have significant positive association with all-cause mortality in healthy population: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/119/5/775.abstract?ijkey=1c189c09bf7c2e390521487ea3b976c8bba81cbb&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Reducing saturated fat reduces total and LDL cholesterol: http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/18/3/441.abstract
High saturated fat intake associated with higher LDL cholesterol and risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease mortality:
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/101/6/1263.abstract
High cholesterol levels increase joint inflammation:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/cholesterol-levels-increase-joint-inflammation
High fat meal can increase risk of acid reflux:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2741888
Meat and high fat foods increase risk of esophageal cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20970272
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18537156
Consumption of non-vegetarian foods is an independent predictor of gastro-esophageal reflux disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21792655
Non-vegetarian diet is associated with reflux esophagitis:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23508985
High fiber intake protective against esophageal cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23815145
An increased homocysteine level and low folate level are strong independent risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease and dementia and osteoporotic fractures:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11844848
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16155278
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12600859
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15213037
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1514104
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15141042
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15781007
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15883631
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16197307
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18067447
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18479766
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16271909
Virus in cattle linked to breast cancer:
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0134304
http://sph.berkeley.edu/virus-cattle-linked-human-breast-cancer
Reducing saturated fat can reduce risk of dying from prostate cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10325493
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10482482
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9507851
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1873441
Saturated fat intake is significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3307791/
Atherosclerosis increases in Eskimos with increased intake of saturated fat:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18054937
Animal food consumption can increase endometrial cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17060930
In a population with low fat intake, increased dietary fat intake can increase heart disease risk: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11273846
Restricting animal (but not plant) protein intake can prevent recurrent kidney stones and kidney function decline:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21880837
Animal rather than vegetable protein increases pressure on kidneys:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2166857
Reducing saturated fat reduces heart disease risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9322576
Higher intake of fat and cholesterol can increase
Parkinson’s disease risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19819467
Total and saturated fat and dietary cholesterol should be reduced to treat thrombotic diseases of artery and vein:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10429464
Men with low cholesterol have reduced risk of high-grade prostate cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19887582
Women (not just men) with high cholesterol have reduced sexual function:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19453904
Total meat intake directly associated with lung cancer, while total fruit and vegetable intake inversely associated with lung cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12367786
Meat and eggs increase risk of stroke:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/meat-and-eggs-increase-risk-for-stroke
Low carb, high protein and high fat diet is associated with poorer small artery vascular reactivity: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22850317
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24365581
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23294905
High protein omnivorous diets can restrict coronary blood flow, while high carb vegetarian diets improve coronary blood flow:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11108325
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10959514
High intake of animal protein associated with increased risk of heart disease in ‘healthy’ men: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2954454/pdf/ajcn9251265.pdf
Heme iron (but not total iron) associated with increased risk of heart disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23708150
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24401818
Higher intake of heme iron increases cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24243555
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23681825
High heme iron intake can increase risk of fatal acute myocardial infarction:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24456871
High heme iron intake (but not total iron or non-heme iron) significantly associated with risk of type 2 diabetes:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23046549
Significant positive dose-response association between heme iron intake and colorectal cancer: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23568532
High heme iron intake associated with increased endometrial cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22952183
Inflammatory diet is associated with higher depression risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24095894
High total and animal protein intake increases risk of type 2 diabetes:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24722499
Low carb diets high in animal protein and fat increase type 2 diabetes risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21310828
Leucine-rich dairy and animal proteins can increase type 2 diabetes risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442749
High fiber intake significantly reduces cardiovascular and heart disease risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22872372
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11755286
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12963562
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21654702
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573945
High intakes of cholesterol and saturated fat increase heart disease mortality:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8252690
Intake of animal foods, total protein, dietary cholesterol, and less plant based carbs are predictors of heart disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15563444
High fat meal (rather than high carb meal) impairs endothelial function:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10609824
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11714996
Ingestion of fat induces angina in heart disease patients:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14392044
High fiber, high carb meal improves endothelial function:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17003313
Injecting fat into the blood stream decreases vascular reactivity:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9396413
Very low meat intake associated with greater longevity (3-6 years):
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/78/3/526S.long
Animal protein increases risk of bladder cancer, while plant protein decreases risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22618737
Olive oil, and a high fat diet, adversely affect endothelial function:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10376195
Endothelial function improves by lowering cholesterol levels below current guidelines:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8540454
Consumption of a saturated fat rich meal is harmful to the endothelium:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18835957
Diets low in fat (especially saturated fat) improve endothelial function:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11412051
Reducing saturated fat intake reduces body fat:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14717059
Substituting saturated fat with unsaturated fat can induce a small but significant loss of body weight and fat mass without a significant change in total calorie or fat intake:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13129479
Compared with a high carb meal, a high fat meal can modify endothelial functions towards a more atherogenetic profile:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12499333
High fat diet prompts immune cells to start eating connections between neurons:
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-11/mcog-hdp112315.php
Replacing sources of animal protein with plant protein leads to modest improvements in glycemic control in diabetic individuals:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26633472
High fat meal induces low-grade endotoxemia and can induce postprandial inflammation and contribute to atherosclerosis:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17991637
Saturated fat intake can increase insulin resistance:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1934376
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16596361
Increased saturated fat consumption results in increased mortality risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3776973/
Cream, but not water or orange juice, increases endotoxin concentrations and may contribute to insulin resistance and atherosclerosis:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20067961
High saturated fat diet impairs endothelial function, compared with healthy fat or high carb low fat diets; high saturated fat diet can also increase inflammation:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15774905
High fat Atkins diet has worse biological effects than an Ornish diet:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19328268
Dietary advanced glycation end-products (found mostly in high protein/fat foods like meat) may suppress sirtuin enzyme activity contribute to age-related brain volume loss:
http://nutritionfacts.org/video/reducing-glycotoxin-intake-to-prevent-alzheimers/
High animal product intake leads to higher colon cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17182822
Diets high in (animal) fat and protein and low in carbs increase colon cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22136517
High meat and seafood consumption associated with increased risk of gout:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15014182
Higher levels of meat and seafood consumption associated with higher serum levels of uric acid: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15641075
Changing from beef to fish/poultry consumption may not change cholesterol levels:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22836072

== Meat Harm ==

Organic meat contains same amount of carcinogens (if not more) than nonorganic meat:
http://www.pcrm.org/organic-meat-not-safer-than-nonorganic-options
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25893622
Health costs attributable to meat consumption are substantial:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8610089
Daily meat consumption increases ischemic heart disease risk threefold:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6527990
Meat-eating is a risk factor for developing diabetes:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/meat-eating-is-a-risk-factor-for-developing
Maternal beef consumption can adversely affect her son’s reproductive capacity:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17392290
Bacon and skinless chicken associated with bladder cancer:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/bacon-and-skinless-chicken-associated-with-bladder
Poultry and fish increase risk for gout:
http://www.pcrm.org/poultry-and-fish-increase-risk-for-gout
Eating meat can double risk of dementia:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8327020
Higher meat intake associated with acute myeloid leukemia:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2842202/
Iron in meat linked to heart disease:
http://www.pcrm.org/iron-in-meat-linked-to-heart-disease
Meat consumption increases bladder cancer risk:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/meat-based-diets-increase-bladder-cancer-risk
A foodborne infection originates in meat and poultry:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/foodborne-infection-originates-in-meat-and-poultry
Meat consumption associated with breast cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18090909
Meat consumption (especially red meat) increases endometrial cancer risk:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17638104
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21422932
Choline intake (found in meat, dairy, and eggs) leads to increased risk of lethal prostate cancer: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22952174
Increased meat intake increases carcinogens in the bowels:
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/32/10/2094.full.pdf
Meat products are a major contributor to dietary flame retardant chemical (pollutant) intake: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21491934
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019900
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17396645
High intake of animal protein associated with longterm weight gain:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21139559
Chicken virus associated with obesity:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9385623
Meat cooked at high temperatures can cause cancer:
http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/cooked-meats-fact-sheet#r14
Red meat and dairy should be avoided because they are high in saturated fat:
http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/
Some bacteria in ground beef cannot be killed:
http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/08/25/you-just-cant-kill-the-bacteria-in-some-hamburger/
Fecal matter in beef:
http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/consumer-reports-finds-fecal-matter-beef-article-1.2335740
Possible link between red meat consumption and cancer risk:
http://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/possible-link-between-red-meat-consumption-and-increased-cancer-risk-identified
Regular consumption of red meat (unprocessed or especially processed) leads to premature death: http://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/cutting-red-meat-for-a-longer-life
L-carnitine in red meat may be linked to heart disease:
http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/new-study-links-l-carnitine-in-red-meat-to-heart-disease-201304176083
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23563705
Consumption of processed meats (but not red meats) is linked to increased risk of coronary heart disease: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/121/21/2271.long
Total and saturated fat intake, as well as frequent consumption of processed meats, associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes:
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/25/3/417.abstract?ijkey=f09a270193622f5ed9cebd647f94b3417f3b1533&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Red and processed meat intakes associated with modest increases in total mortality, cancer mortality, and CVD mortality:
http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=414881
Canadian Cancer Society says that red and processed meats can cause cancer:
http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-101/what-is-a-risk-factor/diet/meat/?region=sk
Higher red meat intake may increase breast cancer risk:
http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g3437
Red meat consumption (especially processed) is associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes: http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2011/08/10/ajcn.111.018978.abstract
Red meat consumption increases risk of colon cancer:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/cancer-resources/diet-cancer/type/colon-cancer
Consumption of beef and dairy may lead to lung cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25416035
Chunks of feces are making it through USDA’s meat plant inspection program:
http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/usda-pilot-program-fails-to-stop-contaminated-meat/2013/09/08/
60f8bb94-0f58-11e3-85b6-d27422650fd5_story.html
High consumption of red and processed meat may increase colon or colorectal cancer risk: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24842864
High meat intake may cause colorectal cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25339056
High consumption of meat (red or white) is associated with higher risk of thyroid cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25136535
Higher consumption of red meat leads to higher risk of esophageal cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23467465
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24395380
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23590703
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23179661
Consumption of red and/or processed meat increases risk of stroke:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23169473
Red and processed meat intake is directly associated with risk of obesity:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24815945
Total meat consumption associated with weight gain (with adjustments for caloric intake):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20592131
High consumption of processed meat increases risk of oral cavity and oropharynx cancer: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736706
Increased consumption of processed meat causes increased risk of stomach cancer:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16882945
Beef consumption increases total cholesterol and blood pressure in strict vegetarians:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7019459
Red and processed meat consumption associated with increased risk of renal cell cancer in women: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25258006
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22170360
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21897389
Greater red meat intake is associated with unfavorable plasma concentrations of inflammatory and glucose metabolic biomarkers in diabetes-free women:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24284436
High consumption of red meat is associated with higher circulating levels of certain biomarkers related to glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and obesity:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22426755
Increasing red meat consumption over time is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23779232
Bacon (along with undercooked chicken and eggs) now sometimes contains salmonella:
http://www.mfablog.org/this-is-why-bacon-could-kill-you-its-not
Antibiotic-resistant infections (caused by feeding antibiotics to factory farmed animals) may kill 10 million people every year by 2050:
http://www.mfablog.org/antibiotic-resistant-infections-will-kill
A red meat-derived glycan promotes inflammation and cancer progression:
http://www.pnas.org/content/112/2/542.abstract
Higher intakes of pork and chicken can increase BMI:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22223576
Red and processed meat intake associated with increased risk for pancreatic cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16204695
Red meat intake increases colon cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8162586
Red and processed meats increase risk for type 2 diabetes:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/type-2-diabetes-and-red-and-processed-meats
The Paleo diet worsens cholesterol levels:
http://www.pcrm.org/paleo-diet-leads-to-worsening-cholesterol
Red and processed meat increase women’s disease risk:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/red-and-processed-meat-endangers-health
Processed meat products may lower sperm quality:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/processed-meat-affects-sperm-quality
Reduced consumption of red and processed meat benefits health:
http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/2/5/e001072.full
Red meat intake linked to kidney cancer:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/red-meat-intake-linked-to-kidney-cancer
A carcinogen in grilled chicken may worsen breast cancer:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/carcinogen-in-grilled-chicken-may-worsen-breast
E. coli from chicken causes urinary tract infections:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/e-coli-from-chicken-causes-urinary-tract
Consumption of beef 4 times a week associated with doubled risk of heart disease compared to vegetarians:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9343002
Consumption of cured/smoked meat and fish may increase leukemia risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19144145
Cured and broiled meat consumption by mother during pregnancy, and then child, may increase childhood cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8167261
Hot dog consumption may increase childhood leukemia risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8167267
Maternal consumption of processed meats may increase child brain tumor risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8824361
Red meat consumption linked to colorectal cancer:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/red-meat-again-linked-to-colorectal-cancer
Eating cured meat associated with increased risk of lung disease:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/hot-dogs-and-bacon-cause-increased-risk-for-lung
Meat can contain carcinogens:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25659303
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15319301
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20951759
Meat intake linked to ovarian cancer in SDAs:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16425091
Red and white meat intake increase colon cancer risk in low-risk population (SDAs):
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9786231
Meat and saturated fat intake can increase blood viscosity:
http://www.emro.who.int/world-health-days/2013/nutrition-hypertension-factsheet-whd-2013.html
High red meat intake increases heart disease risk:
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/122/9/876?ijkey=8eddf24b11248f7dfc62f786b6dd75e1f6c3a6cd&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Convincing link between red and processed meats and colon cancer:
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/100/Supplement_1/386S.abstract
Higher intake of meat saturated fat associated with increased CVD risk:
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/96/2/397.abstract
Stroke risk can be reduced by replacing red meat with other dietary protein:
http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/43/3/637.abstract
High heme iron intake may increase risk of stroke:
http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/44/2/334.abstract
Red meat may increase risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease:
http://jn.nutrition.org/content/142/3/526.abstract
Red meat consumption associated with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, obesity, hypertriglyceridaemia, lipid peroxidation:
http://cpr.sagepub.com/content/22/2/223.abstract
Heme iron intake associated with heart disease:
http://jn.nutrition.org/content/144/3/359.abstract
Consumption of beef can adversely affect blood pressure and lipid levels in vegetarians:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7019459
Heme iron in red meat promotes colon cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25592152
High intake of high purine foods (mostly meats) can increase serum levels of uric acid:
http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=george&dbid=51
High uric acid levels can promote inflammation and gout:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093438/pdf/nihms279732.pdf
High serum uric acid level is a risk factor for mortality from all causes, total CVD, and stroke: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19177541
Increased uric acid levels are markers of increased CVD risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18585721
High uric acid levels are associated with hypertension:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3016454/pdf/nihms232728.pdf
Meat can contribute to inflammatory bowel disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10198924
High meat intake can increase risk of ulcerative colitis:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24102340
Among children, consumption of hot dogs once or more per week is associated with increased brain tumor risk, and consumption of hamburgers once or more per week is associated with increased leukemia risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8167261
Intake of hot dogs (by child or father) increases risk of childhood leukemia:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8167261
Total and processed meat consumption directly related to the risk of stomach, colon, rectum, pancreas, lung, breast, testis, prostate, kidney, and bladder cancer, and leukemia:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18444165
Consumption of red meat associated with increased lung cancer risk, even after controlling for many other variables:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11557111
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10189048
High red meat intake can increase breast cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12223422
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9827527
Red meat intake can increase colorectal cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12351160
Red meat consumption has a negative effect on body odor:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16891352
Some undigested meat protein can reach the colon and have adverse effects:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/484528
Fermentation of meat protein in the colon can be harmful to health:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22121108
Meat can contribute to inflammatory bowel disease through the production of hydrogen sulfide: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10198924
Total, red, and processed meat intake increases gastric cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16507831
Pork can contain toenails, hair, and feces:
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2941201/The-stuff-white-meat-pork-eat-contains-poop-toenails-hair-meat-inspectors-say.html
Red and processed meat can cause cancer:
http://www.wcrf-uk.org/uk/preventing-cancer/ways-reduce-cancer-risk/red-and-processed-meat-and-cancer-prevention
WHO says processed and red meat can cause cancer:
http://www.mfablog.org/processed-meats-as-dangerous-as-cigarettes
Higher intake of red meat can increase risk of aggressive prostate cancer:
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0027711
(Red) Meat consumption can increase lung cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19369370
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22855553
Very well done meat can increase prostate cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16357191
Diets high in meat can cause colorectal cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21618522
Fried, barbecued, salted meat increase lung cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21338220
Meat cooked at high temperatures increases pancreatic cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22162237
A high meat diet raises cholesterol and uric acid levels:
http://www.jbc.org/content/83/3/753.full.pdf+html
Breast cancer risk increases by 56% for each additional 100 g/day of meat consumption:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18444149
Meat protein is associated with increased risk of heart disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21912836
The risk of essential tremor in male meat-eaters is 20 times the risk in vegans/vegetarians: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18382115
Chicken consumption can trigger Guillain-Barre syndrome, a rapid and life-threatening paralysis: http://nutritionfacts.org/video/poultry-and-paralysis/
A chicken virus may cause obesity in some humans:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9385623
Consumption of red and processed meat increases colorectal cancer risk:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/another-study-links-red-meat-to-colorectal-cancer
The majority of retail pork was contaminated with antibiotic-resistant strains of the foodborne bacteria Yersinia:
http://nutritionfacts.org/video/yersinia-in-pork/
92% of chicken samples were contaminated with fecal residue (detected by laser imaging): http://nutritionfacts.org/video/fecal-residues-on-chicken/
American meat can be highly contaminated with bacteria and fecal matter (17% of turkey products contaminated with salmonella, just under 50% of chicken products contaminated with campylobacter, and most chicken/turkey/beef/pork products have E. coli):
http://nutritionfacts.org/video/fecal-bacteria-survey/
Consumption of chicken can increase risk of prostate cancer recurrence:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042525
Frequent consumption of bacon increases bladder cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17093172
Increased meat consumption can increase pancreatic cancer risk (due to exposure to dietary mutagens):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17416754
Consumption of meat may increase breast cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17435448
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17406351
Processed meat can be a powerful multiorgan carcinogen:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23011480
Salted meat intake can increase risk of several cancers:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20104978
High consumption of red and especially processed meat may increase all-cause mortality:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24148709
Processed and red meat consumption can increase cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24932617
Neither unprocessed red meat nor processed meat consumption is beneficial for cardiometabolic health: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23001745
Phosphate preservatives injected into poultry are arterial toxins and dramatically increase the growth of food poisoning Campylobacter bacteria:
http://nutritionfacts.org/video/phosphate-additives-in-chicken/
High intakes of (processed) red meat increase risk of type 2 diabetes:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23858089
Association between red meat and colorectal cancer is due to heme iron:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11023550
High consumption of total and red meat associated with type 2 diabetes:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22983636
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25832335
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23354681
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Glycotoxins%3A+A+Missing+Link
9/10 retail turkey samples contaminated with fecal bacteria:
http://nutritionfacts.org/2011/11/21/talking-turkey-9-out-of-10-retail-turkey-samples-contaminated-with-fecal-bacteria/
Eating pork can result in infection with pork tapeworm brain larvae parasites:
http://nutritionfacts.org/video/pork-tapeworms-on-the-brain/
20% of retail pork samples tested positive for the growth-promoting drug Ractopamine:
http://nutritionfacts.org/video/ractopamine-in-pork/
There can be wart- and cancer-causing viruses in meat:
http://nutritionfacts.org/video/wart-cancer-virusesin-food/
Infectious hepatitis E virus found in retail pork products:
http://nutritionfacts.org/video/hepatitis-e-virus-in-pork/
Positive association between meat consumption and risk of obesity:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2697260/pdf/nihms106399.pdf

== Dairy Harm ==

Dairy products should not be recommended in a healthy vegetarian diet:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19321571
Milk consumption can promote chronic diseases:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19243483
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19232475
A childhood diet rich in dairy products is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer in adulthood: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18065592
Dairy infant formula is a major risk factor for childhood obesity:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22523661
Drinking milk may cause insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15910636
The milk protein casein causes proliferation of prostate cancer cells:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237656
High intakes of dairy and calcium may increase prostate cancer risk:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25527754
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20232354
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/101/1/87.abstract
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17704029
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16333032
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869397
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15203374
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18398033
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23256145
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11566656
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16492906
Milk consumption may increase IGF-1 levels:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19746296
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21557887
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19423514
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22527168
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11535708
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20089725
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16900085
Milk and dairy consumption is correlated with prevalence of multiple sclerosis:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1291895
Dairy consumption may increase risk of Parkinson’s disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17272289
Increased dairy consumption increases weight:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3795726/
Milk can cause acne:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21335995
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15692464
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17083856
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18194824
Dairy consumption may increase gastric cancer risk:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25400475
Higher consumption of dairy may increase cancer risk:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24615266
Ingestion of fatty dairy products raises LDL cholesterol three times more than HDL cholesterol: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4021011
Higher intake of dairy foods can increase prostate cancer and all-cause mortality:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25989745
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17278090
High fat dairy intake can increase breast cancer mortality:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23492346
Yogurt does not improve health:
http://www.pcrm.org/yogurt-does-not-improve-health
Drinking milk associated with bone fractures and death:
http://www.pcrm.org/drinking-milk-associated-with-fractures-and-death
Each additional glass of milk per day during teenage years is associated with 9% higher risk of hip fracture in men:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24247817
Dairy milk proteins can trigger type 1 diabetes:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/more-evidence-links-cows-milk-to-type-1-diabetes
High intake of low fat dairy products may increase female infertility risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17329264
Dairy products may increase testicular cancer risk:
http://www.pcrm.org/health/medNews/dairy-products-may-increase-testicular-cancer-risk
Cheese intake linked to ovarian cancer in SDAs:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16425091
High milk intake associated with higher mortality and fracture incidence:
http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g6015.abstract
Dairy intake can increase breast cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25648405
Increased dairy consumption is a major risk factor for prostate cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22891897
Dairy intake linked to acne and cancer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715202/
Milk can provoke ulcerative colitis:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1952962/?page=7
Milk-free diet is beneficial to patients with ulcerative colitis:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1845668/?page=4
Dairy can increase dietary levels of flame retardant chemicals (pollutants):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17396645
Increasing dairy consumption increases weight:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24146877
Milk counteracts the favourable effects of tea:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17213230
Milk can block absorption of berry nutrients:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19053224
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19135520
Cheese manufacturers use maggots to give cheese certain flavours and aromas:
http://nutritionfacts.org/video/cheese-mites-and-maggots/
Bovine milk contains considerable quantities of hormones:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22332636
High intake of dairy fat increases heart disease risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17921367
Dairy consumption can increase testicular cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17119045
Milk consumption can increase mucus production, and asthma can improve on a non-dairy diet: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19932941
Milk consumption in infants can increase risk of crib death:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12948848
Dairy milk can cause (childhood) constipation and anal fissures:
http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/5/1/253
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17059511
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11846872
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-0080.2007.00225.x/abstract
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9770556
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20453672
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16394795
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22988522
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23588240
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23429756
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12887660
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7815220
High intake of dairy can increase prostate cancer risk
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18382426

== Egg Harm ==

Eggs and cholesterol increase cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2728487
Men who eat 2.5 eggs or more per week have 81% higher chance of developing lethal prostate cancer: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/235321.php
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21930800
Egg consumption linked to coronary artery calcification:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26062990
High levels of daily egg consumption are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19017774
Egg consumption may increase ovarian cancer risk:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25108572
Egg consumption associated with increased breast cancer risk:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24504557
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26293984
Fried egg consumption may increase bladder cancer risk:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23659445
Frequent egg consumption may increase risk of heart failure:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18195171
Regular egg yolk consumption should be avoided by people at risk of CVD:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22882905
Daily egg consumption increases total and LDL cholesterol:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23911216
Eggs increase risk of heart disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26062990
High egg intake is associated with increased risk of type 2 and gestational diabetes:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324948
Egg consumption associated with increased fatal colon cancer risk in SDAs:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3856044
Egg yolks may increase carotid plaque to 2/3 the level of smoking:
http://www.atherosclerosis-journal.com/article/S0021-9150%2812%2900504-7/abstract
Egg consumption is risk factor for gastroesophageal reflux disease:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22911169
Long-term regular consumption of many eggs is harmful:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1639741/pdf/brmedj00516-0028.pdf
Consumption of eggs can double risk of prostate cancer recurrence:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042525
There is a dose-response positive association between egg consumption and the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23643053
Egg intake can increase risk of several cancers:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20104980
Eating 3 or more eggs per week can increase risk of type 2 diabetes:
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2016/01/06/ajcn.115.119933.abstract

== Meta ==

This article was originally authored by Greg Fuller and copyedited by Isaac Nickerson. The contents may have been edited since that time by others.

{{jfa-meta
| meta-keywords = veganism, health
| meta-description = A list of hundreds of health studies showing the benefits of a vegan diet (not vetted by JFA).
}}

[[Category:Health]]