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| − | DRAFT WIP
| + | Following is some boilerplate text to help you get started and to show a little about how things are done with wiki editing. It contains some informational text and some Latin filler text. Delete, replace, and edit as appropriate. |
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| − | Sometimes it's appropriate to put a small paragraph or two before the first heading. The jfa-top template is specified above to include the table of contents and set up the page.
| + | The ''jfa-top'' template, as shown above when using the source editor, should be the first line on a page. It sets up the table of contents and the sharing button on the page. |
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| | == Heading == | | == Heading == |
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| − | Above is a heading as indicated by the text being surrounded by double equal sign characters. If you are using the visual editor, it's just called ''heading''. | + | Above is a heading as indicated by the text being surrounded by double equal sign characters in the source editor. If you are using the visual editor, it's created by selecting ''heading'' from the formatting bar at the top of the page. You'll see some Latin text below for filler. This next paragraph shows how to include a citation. Citations will be listed in the [[#Footnotes | Footnotes]] section. |
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| | + | A study published in the Journal of Hunger and Environmental Nutrition concludes that even an economic version of a government-recommended meal plan costs $745 more per year than a plant-based meal plan and provides "fewer servings of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains."<ref>Flynn, Mary M., and Andrew R. Schiff. “Economical Healthy Diets (2012): Including Lean Animal Protein Costs More Than Using Extra Virgin Olive Oil.” Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition 10, no. 4 (October 2, 2015): 467–82. doi:10.1080/19320248.2015.1045675</ref> |
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| | === Sub-Heading === | | === Sub-Heading === |
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| | === Another Sub Heading === | | === Another Sub Heading === |
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| | + | Brevi spatio interiecto, vix ut iis rebus quas constituissent conlocandis atque administrandis tempus daretur, hostes ex omnibus partibus signo dato decurrere, lapides gaesaque in vallum coicere. Nostri primo integris viribus fortiter propugnare neque ullum frustra telum ex loco superiore mittere |
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| | ==== A Even Lower Level Sub Heading ==== | | ==== A Even Lower Level Sub Heading ==== |
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| − | The question of whether honey is vegan is frequently brought up by those new to or considering veganism. According to the most widely accepted definition of veganism, and the definition embraced by JFA, honey is implicitly proscribed.
| + | Cum iam amplius horis sex continenter pugnaretur, ac non solum vires sed etiam tela nostros deficerent, atque hostes acrius instarent languidioribusque nostris vallum scindere et fossas complere coepissent, |
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| − | The definition is "Veganism is a way of living that seeks to exclude, as far as possible and practicable, all forms of exploitation of and cruelty to animals for food, clothing, or any other purpose."<ref>“Definition of Veganism.” The Vegan Society. Accessed March 31, 2019. https://www.vegansociety.com/go-vegan/definition-veganism.</ref>
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| − | Considering the information presented below, it would be hard to deny that bees are exploited and harmed when the honey they have made for themselves is taken from their hives for human consumption, or when they are used for pollination. In addition, honey provides no essential nutrients that can't easily be found elsewhere.
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| − | == Advocacy ==
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| − | Less clear and more nuanced than the question of whether honey is vegan, is how we should respond to inquiries about honey. Discussions about honey should be done with a sensitivity to these facts:
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| − | # Insects rank low, if they register at all, on society's hierarchy of concern for animals.
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| − | # Commercial bees may have been used to pollinate some of the fruits and vegetables that we eat.
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| − | In light of this awareness, one way to respond is as follows:
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| − | * State that vegans avoid honey because it involves harming bees, then briefly describe how bees are harmed (see below).
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| − | * Explain that commercial bees are not necessary for pollination, and may actually be harmful to sustainability (see below).
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| − | * Invite your interlocuter to research both sides of the issue then decide for themselves.
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| − | * Point out that if they still feel after researching the topic that it's OK to eat honey, it would be illogical to use that as a justification for eating other animal products, or as a justification to dismiss other aspects of veganism as invalid.
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| − | * If called for, explain that avoiding honey is not inconsistent or hypocritical just because we may be eating plant-based foods that have been pollinated with commercial bees. We avoid animal products as far as "possible and practicable." Just because [[In reply to: There are no true vegans. Animal products are in car tires and everywhere|we can't be perfect]] does not mean we should not do what can easily be done—avoiding honey.
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| − | == Fact Sheet ==
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| − | === Harm to Bees ===
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| − | * Farmed bees '''die''' in the production of honey and as a result of being used for pollination. One national survey conducted in the United States showed that "the nation’s beekeepers lost 40% of their commercial honey bee colonies" to '''parasites, pests, and diseases''' in one 12 month period.<ref>“US Beekeepers Lose Four of Every 10 Managed Colonies in 2017-18.” Auburn University. Accessed March 31, 2019. http://ocm.auburn.edu//.htm.</ref> On the other hand, wild bees are doing well.<ref name="nymag2015">“It Turns Out Bees Are, Quite Literally, Worrying Themselves to Death.” Intelligencer, June 17, 2015. http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/06/bees-are-literally-worrying-themselves-to-death.html.</ref>
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| − | * An article in Scientific American suggests that commercial bees live a hard life and are prone to disease because they are treated with chemicals, exposed to pesticides, endure harsh transportation, and suffer nutritional deficiencies as a result of being shipped to mono-crop areas.<ref>Sunshine, Wendy Lyons. “Is Life Too Hard for Honeybees?” Scientific American. Accessed March 31, 2019. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-life-too-hard-for-honeybees/.</ref>
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| − | * '''Queen bees are often killed''' and replaced after living half of their natural lifespan to "prevent swarming, aggression, mite infestation, and to keep honey production at a maximum."<ref>“Why Honey Is Not Vegan.” Accessed March 31, 2019. http://www.vegetus.org/honey/honey.htm.</ref>
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| − | * Queens are artificially inseminated in a process that '''kills the male'''.<ref>“Artificial Insemination of Queen Honeybees.” Accessed March 31, 2019. http://www.vegetus.org/honey/art.htm.</ref>
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| − | * Much of the bees' honey is replaced by '''sugar water''' which lacks the nutritional richness of their natural diet.<ref>“Honey Bee Nutrition and Supplemental Feeding | Beesource Beekeeping.” Accessed March 31, 2019. https://beesource.com/resources/usda/honey-bee-nutrition-and-supplemental-feeding/</ref>
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| − | === Sustainability of Beekeeping ===
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| − | * Jonas Geldmann from Cambridge University states that "honeybee hives aren't natural, and they don't help the environment. In fact, they '''may harm it'''." He adds that "the way we're managing honeybees, in these hives, has '''nothing to do with nature conservation'''<ref>“Honeybees Help Farmers, But They Don’t Help The Environment.” NPR.org. Accessed March 31, 2019. https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/01/27/581007165/honeybees-help-farmers-but-they-dont-help-the-environment.</ref>
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| − | * Commercial honeybees, which have high rates of '''parasitic disease''', are killing<ref>Clark, Laura. “Commercial Hives Might Be Saving Crops, But They’re Killing Wild Bees.” Smithsonian. Accessed March 31, 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/commercial-hives-might-be-saving-crops-theyre-killing-wild-bees-180953934/.</ref>wild honeybees.
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| − | * Rachael Winfree, an associate professor of entomology at Rutgers University, concludes that 90% of the farms in the area she studied would be OK without commercial honeybees, "because wild bees serve as a backup plan from the ecosystem.”<ref>Sunshine, Wendy Lyons. “Is Life Too Hard for Honeybees?” Scientific American. Accessed March 31, 2019. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-life-too-hard-for-honeybees/.</ref>
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| − | * The use of the single-species imported honeybee is competing for pollen with and '''crowding out''' the over 4,000 species of wild bees just in the United States.<ref>Keim, Brandon. “Forget the Ordinary Honeybee; Look at the Beautiful Bees They’re Crowding Out.” Nautilus, April 24, 2015. http://nautil.us/blog/forget-the-ordinary-honeybee-look-at-the-beautiful-bees-theyre-crowding-out.</ref> This creates an ever-increasing dependence on commercial bees which are more susceptible to disease than wild bees, making the sustainability of commercial bees questionable.
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| − | === Bee Sentience and Cognition ===
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| − | * The '''wiggle dance of bees''' involves highly complex cognitive tasks<ref>Landgraf, Tim, Raúl Rojas, Hai Nguyen, Fabian Kriegel, and Katja Stettin. “Analysis of the Waggle Dance Motion of Honeybees for the Design of a Biomimetic Honeybee Robot.” ''PLoS ONE'' 6, no. 8 (August 3, 2011). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021354</nowiki>.</ref>, and is so sophisticated it requires vector calculus to model.<ref name="ScienceOfBees2016">“The Science of Bees: How They Communicate & Influence Biotechnology.” North 40 Life, July 3, 2016. <nowiki>https://north40.com/life/the-science-of-bees-how-they-communicate-influence-biotechnology</nowiki>.</ref> In addition, bees adjust their flight pattern in real time to accommodate the change in the sun's angle of one degree every four minutes.<ref name="ScienceOfBees2016" />
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| − | * Bees also have '''cognitive abilities''' not associated with their wiggle dance. Bees can be taught how to perform tasks and can improve on the tasks they have learned by making generalizations. As one researcher put it, "The old-fashioned view is if an animal has a small brain, it’s not intelligent or smart…our study shows it’s not true that small brains are not capable of this kind of cognitive flexibility.”<ref>Loukola, Olli J., Clint J. Perry, Louie Coscos, and Lars Chittka. “Bumblebees Show Cognitive Flexibility by Improving on an Observed Complex Behavior.” Science 355, no. 6327 (February 24, 2017): 833–36. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2360.</ref>
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| − | * Studies show that bees feel '''pain'''.<ref>Balderrama, N. et al. (biologists) (1987). Behavioral and Pharmacological Analysis of the Stinging Response in Africanized and Italian Bees. Neurobiology and Behavior of Honeybees. R. Menzel & A. Mercer (eds.). New York: Springer-Verlag.</ref><ref>Núñez, J. A., Almeida L., Balderrama N. and Giurfa M. (1997). Alarm Pheromone Induces Stress Analgesia via an Opioid System in the Honeybee. Physiology & Behaviour 63 (1), 75-80</ref> The one study that did not conclude bees feel pain depended on injured bees choosing bitter-tasting morphine over sugar water, as if the bees had pharmacological knowledge that even a human would not have without a label.<ref>Groening, Julia, Dustin Venini, and Mandyam V. Srinivasan. “In Search of Evidence for the Experience of Pain in Honeybees: A Self-Administration Study.” Scientific Reports 7 (April 4, 2017): 45825. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45825..</ref>
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| − | === General Information ===
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| − | * Honey is not vegan according to the most popular definition<ref>“Definition of Veganism.” The Vegan Society. Accessed March 31, 2019. https://www.vegansociety.com/go-vegan/definition-veganism.</ref> of veganism, because it involves exploitation and harm to animals, and honey can easily be avoided.
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| − | * In the United States, there are about 30 billion managed bees in 2.7 million colonies, with more than half of the colonies shipped to the Central Valley to pollinate almond trees, which have only a five-day pollination window.<ref name="nymag2015" />
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| − | * Bees are hard workers. "A bee visits 50 to 100 flowers per trip to take nectar and pollen to the hive. In her lifetime, about six to eight weeks, a worker bee will produce 1/12th of a teaspoon of honey. Thousands of bees in a hive fly more than 55,000 miles and visit about 2 million flowers to make one pound of honey—about the amount one American will consume in a year."<ref>View, Joann Marmolejo/The Forward. “Thank You, Hard-Working Honeybees.” Lompoc Record. Accessed March 31, 2019. https://lompocrecord.com/news/opinion/editorial/commentary/forward-view/thank-you-hard-working-honeybees/article_278fef46-f256-11e1-8ced-001a4bcf887a.html.</ref>
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| | == See Also == | | == See Also == |
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| − | == Plain Text ==
| + | * [[Help:Writing and Editing for the JFA Wiki]] |
| − | | + | * [[Help:Content Guidelines]] |
| − | {{jfa-plaintext-factsheet}}
| + | * [[Help:Style Guide]] |
| | + | * [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Contents Mediawiki Help] |
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| | == Footnotes == | | == Footnotes == |
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| | == Meta == | | == Meta == |
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| − | The page was originally authored by [[Greg.Fuller]] but may have been edited since. | + | The following meta template, which is invisible when not editing, should be included in every page: |
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| | {{jfa-meta | | {{jfa-meta |
| − | | meta-title = Boilerplate
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| | | meta-keywords = sustainability, vegan | | | meta-keywords = sustainability, vegan |
| − | | meta-description = This article addresses several aspects of honey as it relates to veganism and animal rights, including whether honey is vegan and how we might handle the topic in conversations. | + | | meta-description = A brief description of the article goes here. |
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| − | [[Category:Summary]]
| + | This is how you assign categories (also invisible when not editing): |
| − | [[Category:Fact Sheet]] | + | |
| − | [[Category:Animals]] | + | [[Category:This]] |
| | + | [[Category:That]] |
