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== Introduction ==
 
== Introduction ==
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Many of us grew up enjoying the circus and got excited when our parents announced it was that time of year. But most of us had no idea about the systemic, recurring abuse to the animals that went on behind the scenes in order to get them to perform for our entertainment.  But it shouldn't be surprising, as the exploitation of animals is almost always associated with mistreatment and abuse.
 
Many of us grew up enjoying the circus and got excited when our parents announced it was that time of year. But most of us had no idea about the systemic, recurring abuse to the animals that went on behind the scenes in order to get them to perform for our entertainment.  But it shouldn't be surprising, as the exploitation of animals is almost always associated with mistreatment and abuse.
  
In this article, we give some background about circuses and their popularity. We highlight some of the abuses the animals have been made to endure, and how we know about those abuses. We discuss anti-circus activism and share some information about circuses that have stopped operating and why they said they stopped. Finally, we discuss the success of some alternatives to the traditional animal-based shows.
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In this article, we give some background information about circuses and their popularity. We highlight some of the abuses circus animals have been made to endure, and how we know about those abuses. We discuss anti-circus activism and share some information about circuses that have stopped operating and why they said they stopped. Finally, we discuss the success of some alternatives to the traditional animal-based shows.
  
All the ethical problems with circuses arise from a more fundamental problem, which is the belief that animals are here to be exploited by humans.  As philosopher Tom Regan [[Archive:Tom Regan Speech at the Royal Institute of Great Britain in 1989 | puts it]], they "have a life of their own that is of importance to them, apart from their utility to us. They are not only in the world, they are aware of it and also of what happens to them. And what happens to them matters to them."
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All the ethical problems with circuses arise from a more fundamental problem, which is the belief that animals are here to be exploited by humans.  As philosopher Tom Regan[[Archive:Tom Regan Speech at the Royal Institute of Great Britain in 1989 | puts it]], they "have a life of their own that is of importance to them, apart from their utility to us. They are not only in the world, they are aware of it and also of what happens to them. And what happens to them matters to them."
  
 
== General Information ==
 
== General Information ==
  
 
=== Brief History ===
 
=== Brief History ===
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[[File:CircusProcessionElephants1888.jpg|alt=Early Circus Elephants (1888)|thumb|Early Circus Elephants (1888)]]
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The modern circus is thought to have originated in England in 1770. Cavalry officer Philip Astley had been setting up performances of horse-riding tricks since 1768, but in 1770 he hired clowns, acrobats, and other performers to entertain visitors in the intervals between horse-riding acts.<ref>“Who Is Philip Astley.” The Philip Astley Project. Accessed October 1, 2019. https://www.philipastley.org.uk/philip-astley/.</ref> Others soon copied the format.
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Initially, wild animals were only displayed as part of a menagerie. In the late nineteenth century, elephants and big cats were trained to perform tricks and soon became a regular feature in circus acts.<ref name="tait">Tait, P. Wild and Dangerous Performances: Animals, Emotions, Circus. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. 15, 7.</ref> Other animals such as camels, zebras, bears, sea lions, and monkeys were later introduced.
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One of the most famous circuses ever to exist was the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, advertised as “The Greatest Show on Earth.” In total, the circus and its predecessors ran for 146 years, from 1871 to 2017.<ref>“Ringling Bros. Circus.” Accessed October 13, 2019. <nowiki>https://www.ringling.com/index</nowiki>.</ref> It was formed by merging two large circuses — Ringling Bros. World's Greatest Shows and Barnum & Bailey's Greatest Show on Earth. In 2016, the circus announced it would stop using elephants in its performances in response to pressure from animal rights groups.<ref name="timeline">“Timeline - Ringling Bros. Circus.” Accessed October 1, 2019. https://www.ringling.com/timeline.</ref>
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Ticket sales had been declining for a decade, which CEO Kenneth Feld blamed on changing public tastes. He also explained that the circus' traditional model of traveling by train and providing a school for performers' children was no longer sustainable. According to Feld's daughter Juliette, ticket sales fell further following the announcement that elephants would no longer be used.<ref>“‘The Greatest Show on Earth’ to Close after 146 Years, Ringling Brothers Says.” Accessed October 1, 2019. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ringling-brothers-greatest-show-on-earth-to-close-146-years/.</ref> These factors, along with conflicts with animal rights groups, led the circus to shut down in 2017.<ref name="timeline" />
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=== Current Operations ===
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The major circuses that still use animals are:
  
<!--
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* '''Carson & Barnes Circus:''' A large circus based in Oklahoma. It tours the US.
* a very brief history of circuses in general
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* '''UniverSoul Circus:''' A single-ring circus based in Georgia and touring the US.
* include Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus and its announcement to stop using elephants and later stop operations, why they say they stopped, and the other reasons they stopped that may have come into play if there is sufficient evidence
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* '''Shrine''' '''circuses:''' Local chapters put on performances in 120 US and 40 Canadian cities every year. Generally, it is a large three-ring circus, though the size of the performance varies between cities. In recent years, attendance and profits have been declining and the circus has not always made a profit.<ref>“Shrine Circus | Central Michigan University.” Accessed October 10, 2019. <nowiki>https://www.cmich.edu/library/clarke/ResearchResources/Michigan_Material_Statewide/Circuses_and_Carnivals/Pages/Shrine-Circus.aspx</nowiki>.</ref>
-->
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* '''Carden International Circus:''' A large, established circus based in Missouri and touring the US.
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* '''Jordan World Circus:''' A three-ring circus based in Nevada. It tours the US.
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* '''Garden Bros. Circus:''' This smaller circus is based in Florida and tours both the US and Canada. It also uses the name King Cole Circus. The company has had financial difficulties throughout its existence and has been sued multiple times for not paying bills.<ref>RUGER, TODD. “Trouble Follows Shows’ Manager.” Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Accessed October 4, 2019. https://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20090409/News/605246524.</ref>
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Other circuses that use animals include Circo Hermanos Vazquez, Circus Hollywood, Circus Pages, Culpepper & Merriweather Circus, Franzen Bros. Circus, Lewis & Clark Circus, Mitchel Kalmanson, Royal Hanneford Circus, Tarzan Zerbini Circus
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== Investigations and Inspections ==
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[[File:Circus baby elephant training.jpg|alt=Circus Elephant Traning|thumb|Circus Elephant Traning]]
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Investigations by animal rights groups such as PETA, The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), and Last Chance for Animals have discovered that animals are trained with cruel methods such as the use of bullhooks, whips, and electric prods. They are kept confined in cramped, dirty cages for most of the day, sometimes without adequate access to food and water. Often, sick or injured animals do not receive veterinary care.<ref name=":5">“Bear Cubs, Lions Hit, Chained, and Deprived in the Chinese Circus Industry.” ''PETA Investigations'' (blog). Accessed October 13, 2019. <nowiki>https://investigations.peta.org/chinese-circus-industry-bears-lions/</nowiki>.</ref><ref>“Circus Abuse Caught on Tape: Videos the Circus Doesn’t Want You to See.” PETA, July 9, 2014. <nowiki>https://www.peta.org/features/circus-video-undercover-abuse/</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":3">“HSUS Investigation Pulls the Curtain Back on Tiger Abuse by Traveling Circus Trainer.” A Humane World, May 18, 2017. <nowiki>https://blog.humanesociety.org/2017/05/hsus-investigation-pulls-curtain-back-tiger-abuse-traveling-circus-trainer.html</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":4" />
  
The modern circus is thought to have originated in England in 1770. Cavalry officer Philip Astley had been setting up performances of horse-riding tricks since 1768, but in 1770 he hired clowns, acrobats, and other performers to entertain visitors in the intervals between horse-riding acts.<ref>“Who Is Philip Astley.” The Philip Astley Project. Accessed October 1, 2019. https://www.philipastley.org.uk/philip-astley/.</ref> Others soon copied the format.
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All the major animal-using circuses have been cited by the USDA for multiple animal welfare violations.<ref>PETA. “Citations and Other Problems,” June 23, 2010. <nowiki>https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-in-entertainment/circuses/circuses-usda-citations-problems/</nowiki>.</ref> These include not providing animals with adequate shelter, not giving them enough space, transporting them in unsafe vehicles, failing to give them clean water, and not providing veterinary care. Handlers have been cited for abusive behaviors such as using bullhooks too forcefully.<ref name=":2">“Carson & Barnes Circus Factsheet.” PETA. Accessed October 10, 2019. https://secure.mediapeta.com/peta/PDF/CarsonBarnes_fact.pdf.</ref>
  
Initially, wild animals were only displayed as part of a menagerie. In the first half of the nineteenth century, elephants and big cats began to appear in circus acts. Other animals such as
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== Abuses to Circus Animals==
camels, zebras, bears, sea lions, and monkeys were later introduced.
 
  
One of the most famous circuses ever to exist was the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, advertised as “The Greatest Show on Earth.” In total, the circus and its predecessors ran for 146 years, from 1871 to 2017. It was formed by merging two large circuses (Ringling Bros. World's Greatest Shows and Barnum & Bailey's Greatest Show on Earth). In 2016, the circus announced it would stop using elephants in its performances in response to pressure from animal rights groups.<ref name="timeline">“Timeline - Ringling Bros. Circus.” Accessed October 1, 2019. https://www.ringling.com/timeline.</ref>
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Circus animals are not willing volunteers who perform because they have a desire to entertain us. They are trained using abusive techniques, then compelled to perform out of fear of what will happen if they don't. As shown below, sorry living conditions, along with cruel handling and training are the rule for these animals.
  
Ticket sales had been declining for a decade, which CEO Kenneth Feld blamed on changing public tastes. He also explained that the circus' traditional model of traveling by train and providing a school for performers' children was no longer sustainable. According to Feld's daughter Juliette, ticket sales fell further following the announcement that elephants would no longer be used.<ref>“‘The Greatest Show on Earth’ to Close after 146 Years, Ringling Brothers Says.” Accessed October 1, 2019. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ringling-brothers-greatest-show-on-earth-to-close-146-years/.</ref> These factors led the circus to shut down in 2017.<ref name="timeline" />
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=== Confinement ===
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Since most circuses travel frequently, performing animals typically spend much of their time confined in small cages. The cages are often filthy, with animals forced to eat, drink, sleep, urinate and defecate in cramped conditions.<ref name="welfare" /> Elephants, who walk up to 40 miles a day in the wild,<ref>Cohn, Jeffrey P. “Do Elephants Belong in Zoos?BioScience 56, no. 9 (2006): 714. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[714:DEBIZ]2.0.CO;2.</ref> are often chained by the legs for extended periods. They are sometimes confined for up to 22 hours a day, with no access to grazing. Objects which enrich the environment, such as logs, are generally not provided since they may be used to break down the barriers.<ref name="welfare" />
  
=== Current Operations ===
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Even when they are not traveling, many animals are kept confined whenever they are not training or performing. Circus animals often exhibit repetitive behaviors known as ''stereotypies''. These are common in other captive animals, such as zoo animals. They include swaying, pacing, head-bobbing, and rocking. Some animals may even mutilate themselves. These behaviors are caused by the stress of being in captivity and are not found in wild animals.<ref>Mason, Georgia J. “Stereotypies: A Critical Review.” Animal Behaviour 41, no. 6 (June 1991): 1015–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80640-2.</ref><ref name="welfare" />
  
<--
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Some circus animals become overweight because of a lack of exercise combined with poor diet. They may even develop problems such as lameness and arthritis.<ref name="welfare" />
suggestions:
 
* briefly, who are the big animal-using circuses, how large are they, and where do they operate
 
* maybe list the smaller circuses
 
* what circuses are still in business?
 
* is business declining, holding steady, increasing, stats would be nice if available?
 
-->
 
  
Circuses that still use animals include:
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In 2015, the Federation of Veterinarians of Europe concluded that "The needs of non-domesticated, wild mammals cannot be met within a travelling  circus; especially in terms of housing and being able to express normal behaviours."<ref>“FVE Position on the Use of Animals in Travelling Circuses.” FEDERATION OF VETERINARIANS OF EUROPE, June 6, 2015. <nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020236/http://www.fve.org/uploads/publications/docs/fve_position_on_the_travelling_circuses_adopted_final.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>
  
==== Garden Bros. Circus ====
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=== Transportation ===
This circus is based in Florida but tours the US and Canada. It also uses the name King Cole Circus. The company has had financial difficulties throughout its existence and has been sued multiple times for not paying bills.<ref>RUGER, TODD. “Trouble Follows Shows’ Manager.” Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Accessed October 4, 2019. https://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20090409/News/605246524.</ref> However, it reported an increase in business after the closure of Ringling Bros.
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As mentioned above, circus animals are confined to very small cages during transportation, usually on trucks. As most circus animals are wild, the noise, handling, and cage motion are frightening and confusing.<ref>Iossa, G, CD Soulsbury, and S Harris. “Are Wild Animals Suited to a Travelling Circus Life?Animal Welfare 18, no. 2 (May 2009): 129–40.</ref> Animals have been found to have elevated cortisol levels for 3-6 days after being transported, suggesting that the experience is very stressful. A study of tigers showed that for animals who have not been transported many times before, cortisol levels may remain high for up to 12 days. Often, the animals are transported again before having had time to recover.<ref name="welfare" />
  
==== UniverSoul Circus ====
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Temperatures during transportation can also be a problem. Studies have found that few circuses use insulation or ventilation, and animals are not able to move around to keep warm.<ref name="welfare">Harris, Stephen, Graziella Iossa, and Carl D. Soulsbury. “A Review of the Welfare of Wild Animals in Circuses.” University of Bristol, n.d.</ref> In 1997, a circus elephant in New Mexico died after being left in a trailer where temperatures rose to 120°F.<ref name=":0" />
Based in Georgia, tours the US.
 
  
==== Carson & Barnes Circus ====
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=== Handling and Training ===
Based in Oklahoma, tours the US.
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Elephants are forced to become pregnant when they are as young as eight years old. In the wild, few elephants breed before the age of 15.<ref>Lahdenperä, Mirkka, Khyne U Mar, and Virpi Lummaa. “Reproductive Cessation and Post-Reproductive Lifespan in Asian Elephants and Pre-Industrial Humans.” Frontiers in Zoology 11, no. 1 (December 2014): 54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-014-0054-0.</ref> When the elephants give birth, their babies are taken away. This is extremely distressing for the mother, who is usually tied up to prevent her from fighting back.<ref name=":7">“Ringling’s Baby Elephants Tied Up and Electro-Shocked by Trainers.” Ringling’s Baby Elephants Tied Up and Electro-Shocked by Trainers. Accessed October 13, 2019. <nowiki>http://www.ringlingbeatsanimals.com/bound-babies.asp</nowiki>.</ref> Wild elephants are usually not weaned until the age of four or five.<ref>Mumby, Hannah S., Khyne U. Mar, Adam D. Hayward, Win Htut, Ye Htut-Aung, and Virpi Lummaa. “Elephants Born in the High Stress Season Have Faster Reproductive Ageing.” Scientific Reports 5, no. 1 (November 2015): 13946. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13946.</ref>
  
==== Carden International Circus ====
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A PETA investigation found that bears in Chinese circuses were pulled around by rings, put through their noses without the use of anesthetic.<ref name=":5" />
Based in Missouri, tours the US.
 
  
==== Jordan World Circus ====
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Violent methods are used to train circus animals. They perform because they are afraid of the punishments they will receive if they refuse.
Based in Nevada, tours the US.
 
  
== Investigations and Inspections ==
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Baby elephants are beaten to teach them to be obedient and may be tied up for up to 23 hours a day.<ref name=":7" /> A pointed tool called a bullhook is commonly used to strike elephants in sensitive areas, including inside their mouths, behind their ears, and across their faces. Elephants at Carson & Barnes circus were recorded screaming in pain after having bullhooks pushed into their flesh and twisted.<ref>“Carson & Barnes Director Caught Beating Elephants to ’Make ‘Em Scream.’” PETA, April 26, 2017. <nowiki>https://www.peta.org/blog/carson-barnes-director-caught-beating-elephants-make-em-scream/</nowiki>.</ref> At UniverSoul circus, elephants' wounds were covered up with a grey powder called “Wonder Dust” so they would not be visible during performances.<ref>“UniverSoul Circus Factsheet.” PETA. Accessed October 10, 2019. <nowiki>https://secure.mediapeta.com/peta/pdf/Universoul-pdf.pdf</nowiki>.</ref> Baby elephants at some circuses have bullhooks stabbed into their hind feet to teach them to perform headstands.<ref name=":7" />
  
<--
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An investigation conducted by Last Chance for Animals revealed that elephants at Carson & Barnes circus were hit with various objects, including pitchforks and baseball bats. Electric prods were also used to shock the elephants.<ref name=":4">“Last Chance for Animals - Circuses.” Accessed October 7, 2019. https://www.lcanimal.org/index.php/campaigns/animals-in-entertainment/circuses.</ref>
Peta, other investigations, USDA inspections, etc. State general findings but save the details of specific abuses for the next section. Try not to rely too heavily on Peta's work, but if other investigations are not available, it's ok.
 
-->
 
  
== Abuses to Circus Animals==
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Bears are sometimes trained to walk on their hind legs by having their paws burned.<ref name=":1">“Prohibiting the Exploitation of Animals for Entertainment by Circuses.” Accessed October 10, 2019. <nowiki>http://www.animallaw.com/Model-Law-Circuses.cfm</nowiki>.</ref> They may also be chained upright to walls, sometimes for hours at a time. This can cause permanent joint damage.<ref name=":5" /> Whips are used on some animals, such as tigers.<ref name=":3" /><ref>“Undercover Investigation by The Humane Society of the United States Reveals Abused Tigers Whipped and Hit at Circuses.” The Humane Society of the United States. Accessed October 11, 2019. <nowiki>https://www.humanesociety.org/news/undercover-investigation-humane-society-united-states-reveals-abused-tigers-whipped-and-hit</nowiki>.</ref>
  
Circus animals are not willing volunteers who perform because they have a desire to entertain us. They are trained using abusive techniques, then compelled to perform out of fear of what will happen if they don't. As shown below, sorry living conditions, along with cruel handling and training are the rule for these animals.
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Just before going into the ring, trainers may beat animals to remind them what will happen if they don't perform correctly.<ref name=":1" />
  
=== Confinement ===
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=== Lack of Veterinary Care ===
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On multiple occasions, inspections have found that animals were not provided with the care they needed. Cases include:
  
=== Transportation ===
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* Elephants with untreated arthritis and abnormalities in their toes (including cracks and a potential abscess) at Garden Bros. circus.<ref>“Garden Bros. Circus Factsheet.” PETA, October 13, 2019. <nowiki>https://secure.mediapeta.com/peta/PDF/GardenBrosCircusFactsheet.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>
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* An emaciated tiger at a Shrine circus (hired from an exhibitor called the Hawthorn Corporation) who was refusing to eat. The tiger was not given medical care and died soon afterward.<ref>“Shrine Circuses Factsheet.” PETA. Accessed October 13, 2019. <nowiki>https://secure.mediapeta.com/peta/PDF/ShrineCircusFactsheet.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>
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* Several sick and injured animals at Carson & Barnes circus. Horses with open sores were being ridden, some of the elephants had huge boils, and various animals had blood running down their legs from untreated wounds. Conditions at the circus were described as “the worst case of neglect I have seen in my 12 years as an investigator.”<ref name=":2" />
  
=== Handling ===
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On many occasions, animals have been euthanized because veterinary care was not provided soon enough. For example, a baby elephant at one circus fell from a pedestal and broke both legs. Because treatment was not provided, the elephant later had to be euthanized.<ref name=":0" />
  
=== Training ===
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Two Bengal tigers at Ringling Bros. circus have been euthanized due to a lack of treatment. One had kidney problems and another had ear and facial tumors.<ref name=":0" />
  
=== ?Other ===
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=== Performance ===
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There is also evidence that performing is very stressful for animals. For example, constant loud noise can cause tigers to develop gastroenteritis. Noise and crowds also cause some animals, like bears and primates, to huddle, exhibit aversive behavior, or attempt to escape.<ref name="welfare" />
  
=== ?Retirement / ?Slaughter ===
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=== Retirement/Slaughter ===
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Animals that can no longer perform are sometimes sold to ''canned hunt'' facilities, where they are shot at close range by patrons. Most US states provide no legal protection to circus animals in canned hunts. Other former circus animals are sold to zoos, illegally trafficked, or euthanized when they develop health problems that prevent them from performing.<ref name=":0">“Animals in Circuses and the Laws Governing Them | Animal Legal & Historical Center.” Accessed October 10, 2019. https://www.animallaw.info/article/animals-circuses-and-laws-governing-them.</ref>
  
 
== Danger to the Public ==
 
== Danger to the Public ==
  
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Most animals used in circuses are not domesticated, and wild animals are often unpredictable. As a result, there have also been several incidents of circus animals escaping from enclosures, sometimes attacking their handlers or members of the public. At the Suárez Brothers Circus in Mexico in 2013, a tiger attacked a trainer, who later died. In 2006, an elephant at an Irish circus escaped and charged at a man, stamping on him. And in 2004, a zebra at Bailey Brother Circus continually tried to escape. She managed to do so twice in the space of a few days, and also bit both her trainers and members of the public.<ref>“Public Health & Safety.” Federal Circus Bill, April 8, 2014. http://www.federalcircusbill.org/briefings/public-health-safety/.</ref> These incidents, and multiple others like them, show that it is not safe for circus animals to be in contact with the public.
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Some elephants in circuses carry a human strain of tuberculosis (TB). Poor diet, confinement, and other stress factors make the animals more likely to develop the disease. Elephant handlers have contracted the disease on several occasions.<ref>Michalak, Kathleen. “Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection as a Zoonotic Disease: Transmission between Humans and Elephants.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 4, no. 2 (June 1998): 283–87. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0402.980217.</ref>
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Members of the public are also at risk because they are sometimes allowed to come into contact with the elephants. Circus visitors are sometimes allowed to pet, feed, or even ride the animals, meaning they are at risk of developing TB.<ref>“Compendium of Measures to Prevent Disease Associated with Animals in Public Settings.” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, March 25, 2005.</ref>
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== Legislation ==
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In the US, the only federal law which is applicable to circus animals is the Animal Welfare Act. This requires circuses to be licensed and inspected by the USDA. However, critics claim that there are far too few inspectors and not enough resources to enforce the act. It has also been claimed that the AWA's standards are minimal and too vague.<ref name=":0" />
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Worldwide, many countries have banned the use of wild animals in circuses. These include Israel, Singapore, Colombia, Peru, and most European countries.<ref name=":6" /> Bolivia has banned the use of all animals in circuses, even those who are domesticated.<ref>Press, Associated, and La Paz. “Bolivia Bans All Circus Animals.” ''The Guardian'', July 31, 2009, sec. World news. <nowiki>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/31/bolivia-bans-circus-animals</nowiki>.</ref> Many more countries, such as the UK, Canada, and Australia have partial or region-specific bans. In the USA, full or partial bans are active in 92 jurisdictions.<ref name=":6">“Worldwide Circus Bans.” Animal Defenders International. Accessed October 12, 2019. http://www.ad-international.org/animals_in_entertainment/go.php?id=281.</ref> In October 2019, California joined New Jersey and Hawaii in banning most animals from circus performances.<ref>Press, Associated. “Correction: California-New Laws Story.” Washington Post. Accessed October 14, 2019. <nowiki>https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/california-governor-signs-fur-sale-circus-animal-bans/2019/10/12/60eac85e-ed5f-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html</nowiki></ref>
 
== Activism ==
 
== Activism ==
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Several forms of activism have been carried out in protest against the use of animals in circuses. Most commonly, organized protests or demonstrations take place outside circuses. These are organized by both animal rights organizations (such as Last Chance for Animals,<ref name=":4" /> Animal Defenders International (ADI),<ref>“ADI Educates Los Angeles City Council as Hundreds Protest Ringling Bros Circus.” Stop Circus Suffering, July 13, 2012. <nowiki>https://www.stopcircussuffering.com/news/usa/adi-educates-los-angeles-city-council-as-hundreds-protest-ringling-bros-circus/</nowiki>.</ref> and PETA<ref>Noble, Breana. “‘These Are Cruel Acts’: PETA Protests Circus in Detroit.” Detroit News. Accessed October 13, 2019. <nowiki>https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2019/09/05/peta-protests-universoul-circus-detroit/2225760001/</nowiki>.</ref>) and local activist groups.<ref>“ADI and Local Group HARTE Campaign against Ringling Bros. to ‘Break the Chain’ on Circus Suffering.” Stop Circus Suffering, February 21, 2011. <nowiki>https://www.stopcircussuffering.com/news/usa/augusta-ga-adi-and-local-group-harte-campaign-against-ringling-bros-to-break-the-chain-on-circus-suffering/</nowiki>.</ref> The nonprofit organization CompassionWorks International organizes several anti-circus protests each month across the US.<ref>“Circus Protest Dates.” circusprotest. Accessed October 13, 2019. <nowiki>https://www.circusprotest.com/protest-dates</nowiki>.</ref> PETA has also run anti-circus ads on buses in some cities.<ref>“Anti–Animal Circus Ads to Go Up as Opening-Night Protest Draws Near.” PETA, August 12, 2019. <nowiki>https://www.peta.org/media/news-releases/anti-animal-circus-ads-to-go-up-as-opening-night-protest-draws-near/</nowiki>.</ref>
  
<-- * organized protests *?legal actions * ?other forms of activism xxx
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Other organizations, such as the Performing Animal Welfare Society (PAWS), assist in carrying out investigations and prosecutions into reports of abused animals. PAWS also operates a sanctuary for animals who have been rescued from circuses and other attractions that use animals for entertainment.<ref>“Performing Animal Welfare Society -- PAWS.” Accessed October 13, 2019. <nowiki>http://www.pawsweb.org/index.html</nowiki>.</ref> The French group One Voice reports circus animal abuse to the authorities and takes legal steps to follow up on these cases.<ref>“Our ongoing legal actions to release wild animals from circuses.” Accessed October 13, 2019. <nowiki>https://one-voice.fr/en/blog/our-ongoing-legal-actions-to-release-wild-animals-from-circuses%20.html</nowiki>.</ref>
-->
 
  
 
== Alternatives ==
 
== Alternatives ==
  
<-- * Say something to the effect that even if there were no similar alternatives, circuses could still not be ethically justified. and... not that we need similar alternatives with so many forms of entertainment available... * You can discuss the success of alternatives * Cirque du Soleil * Suggest visiting/volunteering at a farm animal sanctuary * Other alternatives?
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Even if no alternatives were available, it would not be ethically justifiable to subject animals to the confinement and cruel training which are ubiquitous in circuses. Forcing animals to perform is a form of exploitation no matter how they are treated.
-->
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With so many forms of entertainment available, there is no need for similar alternatives. However, there are a number of highly successful animal-free circuses. An example is the Canadian Cirque du Soleil, a contemporary circus that has performed in over 200 cities worldwide.<ref>“About Cirque Du Soleil,” September 25, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090925120348/http://www.cirquedusoleil.com/en/about/intro/intro.asp.</ref>
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Additionally, some circuses that formerly used animals have stopped doing so. One of these is the Kelly Miller circus. The circus was sold in 2017 due to rapidly declining ticket sales, and its new owner decided to remove all the animal acts.<ref>“Update: Kelly Miller Circus Goes Completely Animal-Free, With Great Public Support.” PETA, June 12, 2017. https://www.peta.org/action/action-alerts/kelly-miller-circus/.</ref>
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For those who simply want to interact with animals, visiting or volunteering at a farm sanctuary is an ethical alternative that benefits animals.
  
 
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This article was originally authored by [[User:Bethany.Chester | Bethany Chester]] The contents may have been edited since that time by others.
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This article was originally authored by [[User:Bethany.Chester | Bethany Chester]], with contributions from [[User:Greg.Fuller | Greg Fuller]]  The contents may have been edited since that time by others.
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<--Other Editorial Notes
 
* What have I left out? * Does there need to be additional sections, or maybe another structure is better; this is not written in stone—ping your editor. * It is not necessary to show that circuses and attending circuses are not vegan.  * -->
 

Latest revision as of 12:54, 26 October 2019

Introduction

Many of us grew up enjoying the circus and got excited when our parents announced it was that time of year. But most of us had no idea about the systemic, recurring abuse to the animals that went on behind the scenes in order to get them to perform for our entertainment. But it shouldn't be surprising, as the exploitation of animals is almost always associated with mistreatment and abuse.

In this article, we give some background information about circuses and their popularity. We highlight some of the abuses circus animals have been made to endure, and how we know about those abuses. We discuss anti-circus activism and share some information about circuses that have stopped operating and why they said they stopped. Finally, we discuss the success of some alternatives to the traditional animal-based shows.

All the ethical problems with circuses arise from a more fundamental problem, which is the belief that animals are here to be exploited by humans. As philosopher Tom Regan puts it, they "have a life of their own that is of importance to them, apart from their utility to us. They are not only in the world, they are aware of it and also of what happens to them. And what happens to them matters to them."

General Information

Brief History

Early Circus Elephants (1888)
Early Circus Elephants (1888)

The modern circus is thought to have originated in England in 1770. Cavalry officer Philip Astley had been setting up performances of horse-riding tricks since 1768, but in 1770 he hired clowns, acrobats, and other performers to entertain visitors in the intervals between horse-riding acts.[1] Others soon copied the format.

Initially, wild animals were only displayed as part of a menagerie. In the late nineteenth century, elephants and big cats were trained to perform tricks and soon became a regular feature in circus acts.[2] Other animals such as camels, zebras, bears, sea lions, and monkeys were later introduced.

One of the most famous circuses ever to exist was the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, advertised as “The Greatest Show on Earth.” In total, the circus and its predecessors ran for 146 years, from 1871 to 2017.[3] It was formed by merging two large circuses — Ringling Bros. World's Greatest Shows and Barnum & Bailey's Greatest Show on Earth. In 2016, the circus announced it would stop using elephants in its performances in response to pressure from animal rights groups.[4]

Ticket sales had been declining for a decade, which CEO Kenneth Feld blamed on changing public tastes. He also explained that the circus' traditional model of traveling by train and providing a school for performers' children was no longer sustainable. According to Feld's daughter Juliette, ticket sales fell further following the announcement that elephants would no longer be used.[5] These factors, along with conflicts with animal rights groups, led the circus to shut down in 2017.[4]

Current Operations

The major circuses that still use animals are:

  • Carson & Barnes Circus: A large circus based in Oklahoma. It tours the US.
  • UniverSoul Circus: A single-ring circus based in Georgia and touring the US.
  • Shrine circuses: Local chapters put on performances in 120 US and 40 Canadian cities every year. Generally, it is a large three-ring circus, though the size of the performance varies between cities. In recent years, attendance and profits have been declining and the circus has not always made a profit.[6]
  • Carden International Circus: A large, established circus based in Missouri and touring the US.
  • Jordan World Circus: A three-ring circus based in Nevada. It tours the US.
  • Garden Bros. Circus: This smaller circus is based in Florida and tours both the US and Canada. It also uses the name King Cole Circus. The company has had financial difficulties throughout its existence and has been sued multiple times for not paying bills.[7]

Other circuses that use animals include Circo Hermanos Vazquez, Circus Hollywood, Circus Pages, Culpepper & Merriweather Circus, Franzen Bros. Circus, Lewis & Clark Circus, Mitchel Kalmanson, Royal Hanneford Circus, Tarzan Zerbini Circus

Investigations and Inspections

Circus Elephant Traning
Circus Elephant Traning

Investigations by animal rights groups such as PETA, The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), and Last Chance for Animals have discovered that animals are trained with cruel methods such as the use of bullhooks, whips, and electric prods. They are kept confined in cramped, dirty cages for most of the day, sometimes without adequate access to food and water. Often, sick or injured animals do not receive veterinary care.[8][9][10][11]

All the major animal-using circuses have been cited by the USDA for multiple animal welfare violations.[12] These include not providing animals with adequate shelter, not giving them enough space, transporting them in unsafe vehicles, failing to give them clean water, and not providing veterinary care. Handlers have been cited for abusive behaviors such as using bullhooks too forcefully.[13]

Abuses to Circus Animals

Circus animals are not willing volunteers who perform because they have a desire to entertain us. They are trained using abusive techniques, then compelled to perform out of fear of what will happen if they don't. As shown below, sorry living conditions, along with cruel handling and training are the rule for these animals.

Confinement

Since most circuses travel frequently, performing animals typically spend much of their time confined in small cages. The cages are often filthy, with animals forced to eat, drink, sleep, urinate and defecate in cramped conditions.[14] Elephants, who walk up to 40 miles a day in the wild,[15] are often chained by the legs for extended periods. They are sometimes confined for up to 22 hours a day, with no access to grazing. Objects which enrich the environment, such as logs, are generally not provided since they may be used to break down the barriers.[14]

Even when they are not traveling, many animals are kept confined whenever they are not training or performing. Circus animals often exhibit repetitive behaviors known as stereotypies. These are common in other captive animals, such as zoo animals. They include swaying, pacing, head-bobbing, and rocking. Some animals may even mutilate themselves. These behaviors are caused by the stress of being in captivity and are not found in wild animals.[16][14]

Some circus animals become overweight because of a lack of exercise combined with poor diet. They may even develop problems such as lameness and arthritis.[14]

In 2015, the Federation of Veterinarians of Europe concluded that "The needs of non-domesticated, wild mammals cannot be met within a travelling  circus; especially in terms of housing and being able to express normal behaviours."[17]

Transportation

As mentioned above, circus animals are confined to very small cages during transportation, usually on trucks. As most circus animals are wild, the noise, handling, and cage motion are frightening and confusing.[18] Animals have been found to have elevated cortisol levels for 3-6 days after being transported, suggesting that the experience is very stressful. A study of tigers showed that for animals who have not been transported many times before, cortisol levels may remain high for up to 12 days. Often, the animals are transported again before having had time to recover.[14]

Temperatures during transportation can also be a problem. Studies have found that few circuses use insulation or ventilation, and animals are not able to move around to keep warm.[14] In 1997, a circus elephant in New Mexico died after being left in a trailer where temperatures rose to 120°F.[19]

Handling and Training

Elephants are forced to become pregnant when they are as young as eight years old. In the wild, few elephants breed before the age of 15.[20] When the elephants give birth, their babies are taken away. This is extremely distressing for the mother, who is usually tied up to prevent her from fighting back.[21] Wild elephants are usually not weaned until the age of four or five.[22]

A PETA investigation found that bears in Chinese circuses were pulled around by rings, put through their noses without the use of anesthetic.[8]

Violent methods are used to train circus animals. They perform because they are afraid of the punishments they will receive if they refuse.

Baby elephants are beaten to teach them to be obedient and may be tied up for up to 23 hours a day.[21] A pointed tool called a bullhook is commonly used to strike elephants in sensitive areas, including inside their mouths, behind their ears, and across their faces. Elephants at Carson & Barnes circus were recorded screaming in pain after having bullhooks pushed into their flesh and twisted.[23] At UniverSoul circus, elephants' wounds were covered up with a grey powder called “Wonder Dust” so they would not be visible during performances.[24] Baby elephants at some circuses have bullhooks stabbed into their hind feet to teach them to perform headstands.[21]

An investigation conducted by Last Chance for Animals revealed that elephants at Carson & Barnes circus were hit with various objects, including pitchforks and baseball bats. Electric prods were also used to shock the elephants.[11]

Bears are sometimes trained to walk on their hind legs by having their paws burned.[25] They may also be chained upright to walls, sometimes for hours at a time. This can cause permanent joint damage.[8] Whips are used on some animals, such as tigers.[10][26]

Just before going into the ring, trainers may beat animals to remind them what will happen if they don't perform correctly.[25]

Lack of Veterinary Care

On multiple occasions, inspections have found that animals were not provided with the care they needed. Cases include:

  • Elephants with untreated arthritis and abnormalities in their toes (including cracks and a potential abscess) at Garden Bros. circus.[27]
  • An emaciated tiger at a Shrine circus (hired from an exhibitor called the Hawthorn Corporation) who was refusing to eat. The tiger was not given medical care and died soon afterward.[28]
  • Several sick and injured animals at Carson & Barnes circus. Horses with open sores were being ridden, some of the elephants had huge boils, and various animals had blood running down their legs from untreated wounds. Conditions at the circus were described as “the worst case of neglect I have seen in my 12 years as an investigator.”[13]

On many occasions, animals have been euthanized because veterinary care was not provided soon enough. For example, a baby elephant at one circus fell from a pedestal and broke both legs. Because treatment was not provided, the elephant later had to be euthanized.[19]

Two Bengal tigers at Ringling Bros. circus have been euthanized due to a lack of treatment. One had kidney problems and another had ear and facial tumors.[19]

Performance

There is also evidence that performing is very stressful for animals. For example, constant loud noise can cause tigers to develop gastroenteritis. Noise and crowds also cause some animals, like bears and primates, to huddle, exhibit aversive behavior, or attempt to escape.[14]

Retirement/Slaughter

Animals that can no longer perform are sometimes sold to canned hunt facilities, where they are shot at close range by patrons. Most US states provide no legal protection to circus animals in canned hunts. Other former circus animals are sold to zoos, illegally trafficked, or euthanized when they develop health problems that prevent them from performing.[19]

Danger to the Public

Most animals used in circuses are not domesticated, and wild animals are often unpredictable. As a result, there have also been several incidents of circus animals escaping from enclosures, sometimes attacking their handlers or members of the public. At the Suárez Brothers Circus in Mexico in 2013, a tiger attacked a trainer, who later died. In 2006, an elephant at an Irish circus escaped and charged at a man, stamping on him. And in 2004, a zebra at Bailey Brother Circus continually tried to escape. She managed to do so twice in the space of a few days, and also bit both her trainers and members of the public.[29] These incidents, and multiple others like them, show that it is not safe for circus animals to be in contact with the public.

Some elephants in circuses carry a human strain of tuberculosis (TB). Poor diet, confinement, and other stress factors make the animals more likely to develop the disease. Elephant handlers have contracted the disease on several occasions.[30]

Members of the public are also at risk because they are sometimes allowed to come into contact with the elephants. Circus visitors are sometimes allowed to pet, feed, or even ride the animals, meaning they are at risk of developing TB.[31]

Legislation

In the US, the only federal law which is applicable to circus animals is the Animal Welfare Act. This requires circuses to be licensed and inspected by the USDA. However, critics claim that there are far too few inspectors and not enough resources to enforce the act. It has also been claimed that the AWA's standards are minimal and too vague.[19]

Worldwide, many countries have banned the use of wild animals in circuses. These include Israel, Singapore, Colombia, Peru, and most European countries.[32] Bolivia has banned the use of all animals in circuses, even those who are domesticated.[33] Many more countries, such as the UK, Canada, and Australia have partial or region-specific bans. In the USA, full or partial bans are active in 92 jurisdictions.[32] In October 2019, California joined New Jersey and Hawaii in banning most animals from circus performances.[34]

Activism

Several forms of activism have been carried out in protest against the use of animals in circuses. Most commonly, organized protests or demonstrations take place outside circuses. These are organized by both animal rights organizations (such as Last Chance for Animals,[11] Animal Defenders International (ADI),[35] and PETA[36]) and local activist groups.[37] The nonprofit organization CompassionWorks International organizes several anti-circus protests each month across the US.[38] PETA has also run anti-circus ads on buses in some cities.[39]

Other organizations, such as the Performing Animal Welfare Society (PAWS), assist in carrying out investigations and prosecutions into reports of abused animals. PAWS also operates a sanctuary for animals who have been rescued from circuses and other attractions that use animals for entertainment.[40] The French group One Voice reports circus animal abuse to the authorities and takes legal steps to follow up on these cases.[41]

Alternatives

Even if no alternatives were available, it would not be ethically justifiable to subject animals to the confinement and cruel training which are ubiquitous in circuses. Forcing animals to perform is a form of exploitation no matter how they are treated.

With so many forms of entertainment available, there is no need for similar alternatives. However, there are a number of highly successful animal-free circuses. An example is the Canadian Cirque du Soleil, a contemporary circus that has performed in over 200 cities worldwide.[42]

Additionally, some circuses that formerly used animals have stopped doing so. One of these is the Kelly Miller circus. The circus was sold in 2017 due to rapidly declining ticket sales, and its new owner decided to remove all the animal acts.[43]

For those who simply want to interact with animals, visiting or volunteering at a farm sanctuary is an ethical alternative that benefits animals.

See Also

Footnotes

  1. “Who Is Philip Astley.” The Philip Astley Project. Accessed October 1, 2019. https://www.philipastley.org.uk/philip-astley/.
  2. Tait, P. Wild and Dangerous Performances: Animals, Emotions, Circus. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. 15, 7.
  3. “Ringling Bros. Circus.” Accessed October 13, 2019. https://www.ringling.com/index.
  4. 4.0 4.1 “Timeline - Ringling Bros. Circus.” Accessed October 1, 2019. https://www.ringling.com/timeline.
  5. “‘The Greatest Show on Earth’ to Close after 146 Years, Ringling Brothers Says.” Accessed October 1, 2019. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ringling-brothers-greatest-show-on-earth-to-close-146-years/.
  6. “Shrine Circus | Central Michigan University.” Accessed October 10, 2019. https://www.cmich.edu/library/clarke/ResearchResources/Michigan_Material_Statewide/Circuses_and_Carnivals/Pages/Shrine-Circus.aspx.
  7. RUGER, TODD. “Trouble Follows Shows’ Manager.” Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Accessed October 4, 2019. https://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20090409/News/605246524.
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 “Bear Cubs, Lions Hit, Chained, and Deprived in the Chinese Circus Industry.” PETA Investigations (blog). Accessed October 13, 2019. https://investigations.peta.org/chinese-circus-industry-bears-lions/.
  9. “Circus Abuse Caught on Tape: Videos the Circus Doesn’t Want You to See.” PETA, July 9, 2014. https://www.peta.org/features/circus-video-undercover-abuse/.
  10. 10.0 10.1 “HSUS Investigation Pulls the Curtain Back on Tiger Abuse by Traveling Circus Trainer.” A Humane World, May 18, 2017. https://blog.humanesociety.org/2017/05/hsus-investigation-pulls-curtain-back-tiger-abuse-traveling-circus-trainer.html.
  11. 11.0 11.1 11.2 “Last Chance for Animals - Circuses.” Accessed October 7, 2019. https://www.lcanimal.org/index.php/campaigns/animals-in-entertainment/circuses.
  12. PETA. “Citations and Other Problems,” June 23, 2010. https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-in-entertainment/circuses/circuses-usda-citations-problems/.
  13. 13.0 13.1 “Carson & Barnes Circus Factsheet.” PETA. Accessed October 10, 2019. https://secure.mediapeta.com/peta/PDF/CarsonBarnes_fact.pdf.
  14. 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Harris, Stephen, Graziella Iossa, and Carl D. Soulsbury. “A Review of the Welfare of Wild Animals in Circuses.” University of Bristol, n.d.
  15. Cohn, Jeffrey P. “Do Elephants Belong in Zoos?” BioScience 56, no. 9 (2006): 714. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[714:DEBIZ]2.0.CO;2.
  16. Mason, Georgia J. “Stereotypies: A Critical Review.” Animal Behaviour 41, no. 6 (June 1991): 1015–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80640-2.
  17. “FVE Position on the Use of Animals in Travelling Circuses.” FEDERATION OF VETERINARIANS OF EUROPE, June 6, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020236/http://www.fve.org/uploads/publications/docs/fve_position_on_the_travelling_circuses_adopted_final.pdf.
  18. Iossa, G, CD Soulsbury, and S Harris. “Are Wild Animals Suited to a Travelling Circus Life?” Animal Welfare 18, no. 2 (May 2009): 129–40.
  19. 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 “Animals in Circuses and the Laws Governing Them | Animal Legal & Historical Center.” Accessed October 10, 2019. https://www.animallaw.info/article/animals-circuses-and-laws-governing-them.
  20. Lahdenperä, Mirkka, Khyne U Mar, and Virpi Lummaa. “Reproductive Cessation and Post-Reproductive Lifespan in Asian Elephants and Pre-Industrial Humans.” Frontiers in Zoology 11, no. 1 (December 2014): 54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-014-0054-0.
  21. 21.0 21.1 21.2 “Ringling’s Baby Elephants Tied Up and Electro-Shocked by Trainers.” Ringling’s Baby Elephants Tied Up and Electro-Shocked by Trainers. Accessed October 13, 2019. http://www.ringlingbeatsanimals.com/bound-babies.asp.
  22. Mumby, Hannah S., Khyne U. Mar, Adam D. Hayward, Win Htut, Ye Htut-Aung, and Virpi Lummaa. “Elephants Born in the High Stress Season Have Faster Reproductive Ageing.” Scientific Reports 5, no. 1 (November 2015): 13946. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13946.
  23. “Carson & Barnes Director Caught Beating Elephants to ’Make ‘Em Scream.’” PETA, April 26, 2017. https://www.peta.org/blog/carson-barnes-director-caught-beating-elephants-make-em-scream/.
  24. “UniverSoul Circus Factsheet.” PETA. Accessed October 10, 2019. https://secure.mediapeta.com/peta/pdf/Universoul-pdf.pdf.
  25. 25.0 25.1 “Prohibiting the Exploitation of Animals for Entertainment by Circuses.” Accessed October 10, 2019. http://www.animallaw.com/Model-Law-Circuses.cfm.
  26. “Undercover Investigation by The Humane Society of the United States Reveals Abused Tigers Whipped and Hit at Circuses.” The Humane Society of the United States. Accessed October 11, 2019. https://www.humanesociety.org/news/undercover-investigation-humane-society-united-states-reveals-abused-tigers-whipped-and-hit.
  27. “Garden Bros. Circus Factsheet.” PETA, October 13, 2019. https://secure.mediapeta.com/peta/PDF/GardenBrosCircusFactsheet.pdf.
  28. “Shrine Circuses Factsheet.” PETA. Accessed October 13, 2019. https://secure.mediapeta.com/peta/PDF/ShrineCircusFactsheet.pdf.
  29. “Public Health & Safety.” Federal Circus Bill, April 8, 2014. http://www.federalcircusbill.org/briefings/public-health-safety/.
  30. Michalak, Kathleen. “Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection as a Zoonotic Disease: Transmission between Humans and Elephants.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 4, no. 2 (June 1998): 283–87. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0402.980217.
  31. “Compendium of Measures to Prevent Disease Associated with Animals in Public Settings.” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, March 25, 2005.
  32. 32.0 32.1 “Worldwide Circus Bans.” Animal Defenders International. Accessed October 12, 2019. http://www.ad-international.org/animals_in_entertainment/go.php?id=281.
  33. Press, Associated, and La Paz. “Bolivia Bans All Circus Animals.” The Guardian, July 31, 2009, sec. World news. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/31/bolivia-bans-circus-animals.
  34. Press, Associated. “Correction: California-New Laws Story.” Washington Post. Accessed October 14, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/california-governor-signs-fur-sale-circus-animal-bans/2019/10/12/60eac85e-ed5f-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html
  35. “ADI Educates Los Angeles City Council as Hundreds Protest Ringling Bros Circus.” Stop Circus Suffering, July 13, 2012. https://www.stopcircussuffering.com/news/usa/adi-educates-los-angeles-city-council-as-hundreds-protest-ringling-bros-circus/.
  36. Noble, Breana. “‘These Are Cruel Acts’: PETA Protests Circus in Detroit.” Detroit News. Accessed October 13, 2019. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2019/09/05/peta-protests-universoul-circus-detroit/2225760001/.
  37. “ADI and Local Group HARTE Campaign against Ringling Bros. to ‘Break the Chain’ on Circus Suffering.” Stop Circus Suffering, February 21, 2011. https://www.stopcircussuffering.com/news/usa/augusta-ga-adi-and-local-group-harte-campaign-against-ringling-bros-to-break-the-chain-on-circus-suffering/.
  38. “Circus Protest Dates.” circusprotest. Accessed October 13, 2019. https://www.circusprotest.com/protest-dates.
  39. “Anti–Animal Circus Ads to Go Up as Opening-Night Protest Draws Near.” PETA, August 12, 2019. https://www.peta.org/media/news-releases/anti-animal-circus-ads-to-go-up-as-opening-night-protest-draws-near/.
  40. “Performing Animal Welfare Society -- PAWS.” Accessed October 13, 2019. http://www.pawsweb.org/index.html.
  41. “Our ongoing legal actions to release wild animals from circuses.” Accessed October 13, 2019. https://one-voice.fr/en/blog/our-ongoing-legal-actions-to-release-wild-animals-from-circuses%20.html.
  42. “About Cirque Du Soleil,” September 25, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090925120348/http://www.cirquedusoleil.com/en/about/intro/intro.asp.
  43. “Update: Kelly Miller Circus Goes Completely Animal-Free, With Great Public Support.” PETA, June 12, 2017. https://www.peta.org/action/action-alerts/kelly-miller-circus/.

Meta

This article was originally authored by Bethany Chester, with contributions from Greg Fuller The contents may have been edited since that time by others.