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Difference between revisions of "Draft:Environmental Impacts of Animal Agriculture"

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== Fact Sheet ==
 
== Fact Sheet ==
  
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=== Assertion ===
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=== Summary ===
  
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* This fact sheet supports the assertion that animal agriculture is a leading cause of most forms of environmental damage, including global warming, and that the single most significant way you can reduce your personal contribution to this damage is to adopt a vegan diet.
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* This fact sheet provides evidence that animal agriculture is a leading cause (and in some cases the leading cause) of most forms of environmental damage, and that the single most significant way you can reduce your personal contribution to this damage is to adopt a vegan diet.
  
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=== The Scope of the Problem ===
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* An article published in the Harvard Law Review sums up the scientific findings by saying that "our demand for and reliance on animal products" is "a leading cause of everything: one industry that is destroying our planet and our ability to thrive on it." It connects animal agriculture with climate change. ocean dead zones. fisheries depletion. species extinction, deforestation, world hunger, food safety, heart disease, obesity, diabetes, and says "the list goes on". <ref>Harvard Environmental Law Review. “[ELRS] A Leading Cause of Everything: One Industry That Is Destroying Our Planet and Our Ability to Thrive on It,” October 26, 2015. Accessed January 10, 2020. <nowiki>https://harvardelr.com/2015/10/26/elrs-a-leading-cause-of-everything-one-industry-that-is-destroying-our-planet-and-our-ability-to-thrive-on-it/</nowiki>.</ref>
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+
* Note: Among the sources of information for this fact sheet is the 2018 study titled Reducing Food’s Environmental Impacts Through Producers and Consumers and commonly known as the [[Oxford Study 2018: Reducing foods environmental impacts through producers and consumers|Oxford Study]].<ref name=":1">Poore, J., and T. Nemecek. “Reducing Food’s Environmental Impacts Through Producers and Consumers.” Science 360, no. 6392 (June 1, 2018): 987–92. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0216</nowiki></ref> This study has been called the most comprehensive study of it's kind, <ref name=":2" /> examining 38,700 farms in 119 countries, and representing 90% of the world's protein and calorie consumption.
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* An article published in the Harvard Law Review summarizes scientific findings, saying that "our demand for and reliance on animal products" is "a leading cause of everything: one industry that is destroying our planet and our ability to thrive on it." It connects animal agriculture with climate change. ocean dead zones. fisheries depletion. species extinction, deforestation, world hunger, food safety, heart disease, obesity, diabetes, and says "the list goes on". <ref>Harvard Environmental Law Review. “[ELRS] A Leading Cause of Everything: One Industry That Is Destroying Our Planet and Our Ability to Thrive on It,” October 26, 2015. Accessed January 10, 2020. <nowiki>https://harvardelr.com/2015/10/26/elrs-a-leading-cause-of-everything-one-industry-that-is-destroying-our-planet-and-our-ability-to-thrive-on-it/</nowiki>.</ref>
 
  
 
=== Personal Responsibility ===
 
=== Personal Responsibility ===
  
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* "A vegan diet is probably the single biggest way to reduce your impact on planet earth—it is far bigger than cutting down on your flights or buying an electric car...avoiding consumption of animal products delivers far better environmental benefits than trying to purchase sustainable meat and dairy.” So says Joseph Poore, who led the 2018 [[Oxford Study 2018: Reducing foods environmental impacts through producers and consumers | Oxford Study]],<ref name="oxford" /> which was called the most comprehensive analysis to date of its kind."<ref name="guardian">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/31/avoiding-meat-and-dairy-is-single-biggest-way-to-reduce-your-impact-on-earth</ref>
+
* "A vegan diet is probably the single biggest way to reduce your impact on planet earth—it is far bigger than cutting down on your flights or buying an electric car...avoiding consumption of animal products delivers far better environmental benefits than trying to purchase sustainable meat and dairy.”<ref name=":2" /> So says Joseph Poore, who led the 2018 [[Oxford Study 2018: Reducing foods environmental impacts through producers and consumers|Oxford Study]].<ref name=":1" /> which was called the most comprehensive analysis to date of its kind."<ref name=":2" />
 +
* A study published by the National Institutes of Health concluded that those eating a meat-based diet were responsible for approximately double the greenhouse gas emissions as those on a vegan diet.<ref>Scarborough, Peter, Paul N. Appleby, Anja Mizdrak, Adam D. M. Briggs, Ruth C. Travis, Kathryn E. Bradbury, and Timothy J. Key. “Dietary Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Meat-Eaters, Fish-Eaters, Vegetarians and Vegans in the UK.” ''Climatic Change'' 125, no. 2 (2014): 179–192. Accessed March 2, 2020. <nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4372775/</nowiki>.</ref>
  
−
*The [[Oxford Study 2018: Reducing foods environmental impacts through producers and consumers | Oxford Study]] found that moving to a diet that excludes animal products has transformative potential, including a 76% reduction in land use, a 49% reduction in greenhouse emissions from farming, a 50% reduction in ocean acidification, and a 49% reduction in eutrophication (excess runoff choking off oxygen and killing animals).<ref name="oxford">Poore, J., and T. Nemecek. “Reducing Food’s Environmental Impacts through Producers and Consumers.” Science 360, no. 6392 (June 1, 2018): 987–92. Accessed January 10, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0216.</ref>
+
*The [[Oxford Study 2018: Reducing foods environmental impacts through producers and consumers|Oxford Study]].<ref name=":1" /> found that moving to a diet that excludes animal products has transformative potential, including a 76% reduction in land use, a 49% reduction in greenhouse emissions from farming, a 50% reduction in ocean acidification, and a 49% reduction in eutrophication (excess runoff choking off oxygen and killing animals).<ref name="oxford">Poore, J., and T. Nemecek. “Reducing Food’s Environmental Impacts through Producers and Consumers.” Science 360, no. 6392 (June 1, 2018): 987–92. Accessed January 10, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0216.</ref>
  
 
* Researchers from the University of Chicago determined that you reduce your personal contribution to global warming more by changing to a vegan diet than you do by switching to a Prius<ref>Gidon Eshel, and Pamela A. Martin. “Diet, Energy, and Global Warming.” Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 2005. Accessed November 14, 2019. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/EI167.1</ref>
 
* Researchers from the University of Chicago determined that you reduce your personal contribution to global warming more by changing to a vegan diet than you do by switching to a Prius<ref>Gidon Eshel, and Pamela A. Martin. “Diet, Energy, and Global Warming.” Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 2005. Accessed November 14, 2019. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/EI167.1</ref>
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=== Global Warming ===
 
=== Global Warming ===
  
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* Even the lowest impact bovine meat is responsible for six times more greenhouse gases than the production of plant-based protein, according to the [[Oxford Study 2018: Reducing foods environmental impacts through producers and consumers | 2018 Oxford Study]].
+
* Even the lowest impact bovine meat is responsible for six times more greenhouse gases than the production of plant-based protein, according to the 2018 [[Oxford Study 2018: Reducing foods environmental impacts through producers and consumers|Oxford Study]],<ref name=":1" /> which has been called the most comprehensive study of it's kind, <ref name=":2">“Avoiding Meat and Dairy Is ‘Single Biggest Way’ to Reduce Your Impact on Earth.” ''The Guardian'', May 31, 2018, sec. Environment. Accessed March 2, 2020. <nowiki>https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/31/avoiding-meat-and-dairy-is-single-biggest-way-to-reduce-your-impact-on-earth</nowiki>.</ref> examining 38,700 farms in 119 countries, and representing 90% of the world's protein and calorie consumption.
 +
* A number of studies have put animal agriculture's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions between the United Nation's estimate of 14.5% and the World Watch Institute's estimate of 51%.<ref>“Climate Change.” ''Truth or Drought''. Accessed March 2, 2020. <nowiki>https://www.truthordrought.com/climate-change</nowiki>.</ref>  But even at the lower number of 14.5%, animal agriculture contributes more to global warming than all cars, trucks, trains, buses, airplanes, and ships combined—more than the entire transportation sector, which the EPA pegs at 14% globally.<ref>US EPA, OAR. “Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data.” Overviews and Factsheets. US EPA, January 12, 2016. Accessed December 3 2019. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data.</ref>
  
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* A 2006 United Nations study titled Livestock's Long Shadow said that livestock accounts for 18% of global greenhouse gas emissions, but a study by World Watch Institute three years later said the U.N. report failed to consider some of the factors, and put the figure at 51%.<ref name="lls">Steinfeld, Henning, Pierre Gerber, T. D. Wassenaar, Vincent Castel, Mauricio Rosales M. , and Cees de Haan. Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2006.</ref><ref>Goodland, R, and J Anhang. “ Livestock and Climate Change: What If the Key Actors in Climate Change Are... Cows, Pigs, and Chickens?” Washington: Worldwatch Institute, 2009.</ref>
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* A 2006 United Nations study titled Livestock's Long Shadow said that livestock accounts for 18% of global greenhouse gas emissions.<ref name=":4">Steinfeld, Henning, Pierre Gerber, T. Wassenaar, V. Castel, Mauricio Rosales, and C. de Haan. “Livestock’s Long Shadow” (2006). Accessed March 2, 2020. <nowiki>http://www.fao.org/3/a0701e/a0701e00.htm</nowiki>.</ref> In 2013, UN revised the number to the to 14.5%<ref>“FAO - News Article: Major Cuts of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock within Reach.” Accessed March 2, 2020. <nowiki>http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/197608/icode/</nowiki>.</ref>, shortly after forming partnerships with the International Meat Secretariat and International Dairy Federation.<ref name=":3">“FAO Yields to Meat Industry Pressure on Climate Change.” ''Mark Bittman Blog'', July 11, 2012. Accessed March 2, 2020. <nowiki>https://bittman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/11/fao-yields-to-meat-industry-pressure-on-climate-change/</nowiki>.</ref>
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* A 2009 study titled Livestock and Climate Change—published by The World Watch Institute and authored by environmental scientists Robert Goodland and Jeff Anhang—concluded that Animal Agriculture was responsible for 51% of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.<ref>Goodland, R, and J Anhang. “ Livestock and Climate Change: Washington: Worldwatch Institute, 2009. Accessed 03/02/2020. [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6704/c7a0777c82357704d82b9ae8007c1197cb07.pdf?_ga=2.64096879.1525682901.1583187218-388875602.1583187218 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6704/c7a0777c82357704d82b9ae8007c1197cb07.pdf?]</ref> It considered factors that the earlier United nations report omitted, such as lost sequestration, failure to allocate feed production, and not using a realistic time frame. The 51% figure has been criticized and has not reached scientific consensus.<ref>“Movie Review: There’s a Vast Cowspiracy about Climate Change.” ''Union of Concerned Scientists''. Last modified June 10, 2016. Accessed March 2, 2020. <nowiki>https://blog.ucsusa.org/doug-boucher/cowspiracy-movie-review</nowiki>.</ref> 
 +
* In a New York times editorial, Robert Goodland defends the 51% figure, saying that "the key difference between the 18 percent and 51 percent figures is that the latter accounts for how exponential growth in livestock production (now more than 60 billion land animals per year), accompanied by large scale deforestation and forest-burning, have caused a dramatic decline in the earth’s photosynthetic capacity, along with large and accelerating increases in volatilization of soil carbon.<ref name=":3" />
  
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* Even at the lower number of 18%, animal agriculture contributes more to global warming than all cars, trucks, trains, buses, airplanes, and ships combined—more than the entire transportation sector, which the EPA pegs at 14% globally.<ref>US EPA, OAR. “Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data.” Overviews and Factsheets. US EPA, January 12, 2016. Accessed December 3 2019. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data.</ref>
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=== Land Surface and Biomass ===
  
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=== Land Surface and Biomass ===
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* The lowest impact bovine meat uses 36 times more land than the production of plant-based protein, according to the [[Oxford Study 2018: Reducing foods environmental impacts through producers and consumers |  Oxford Study.]]<ref name=":1" />
 +
 
 +
* Using FAO data, an analytics site reports that animal agriculture accounts for 77% of the earth's agricultural land while supplying only 18 percent of our calories. Conversely, the 23% of agricultural land that is used for crops for human consumption supplies 83% of our calories. <ref name=":0">Ritchie, Hannah, and Max Roser. “Land Use.” Our World in Data, November 13, 2013. Accessed January 10, 2020. https://ourworldindata.org/land-use.</ref>. This is roughly equivalent to the [[Oxford Study 2018: Reducing foods environmental impacts through producers and consumers |Oxford Study's.]]<ref name=":1" /> findings.
  
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* The lowest impact bovine meat uses 36 times more land than the production of plant-based protein, according to the [[Oxford Study 2018: Reducing foods environmental impacts through producers and consumers | 2018 Oxford Study]].
+
* A 2018 study titled "The biomass distribution on Earth" concludes that for all mammals, biomass (weight) is distributed as follows: 60% livestock, 36% human, and 4% wild animals. The same study reported that of bird biomass, 70% is domesticated poultry and 30% is wild birds.<ref>Bar-On, Yinon M., Rob Phillips, and Ron Milo. “The Biomass Distribution on Earth.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 25 (June 19, 2018): 6506–11. Accessed January 15, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711842115.</ref>
  
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* Using FAO data that has been confirmed by other sources, an analytics site reports that of the earth's agricultural land, 77% is used for meat and dairy supplying only 18 percent of our calories. Conversely, the 23% of agricultural land that is used for crops for human consumption supplies 83% of our calories This from Our World in Data. <ref>Ritchie, Hannah, and Max Roser. “Land Use.” Our World in Data, November 13, 2013. Accessed January 10, 2020. https://ourworldindata.org/land-use.</ref>
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* An analysis of data in the  [[Oxford Study 2018: Reducing foods environmental impacts through producers and consumers|Oxford Study]].<ref name=":1" /> by The Guardian concluded that eliminating animal agriculture would reduce farmland use by 75% without impeding our ability to feed the world<ref name=":2" />.
 +
* A Bloomberg analysis using USDA data reveals that in the United States, 41% of all land is used for animal agriculture—to confine livestock or grow feed for livestock.<ref>Merrill, Dave, and Lauren Leatherby. “Here’s How America Uses Its Land.” ''Bloomberg.Com'', n.d. Accessed March 3, 2020. <nowiki>https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2018-us-land-use/</nowiki>.</ref>
  
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* A 2018 study titled "The biomass distribution on Earth" concludes that for all mammals, biomass (weight) is distributed as follows: 60% livestock, 36% human, and 4% wild animals. The same study reported that of bird biomass, 70% is domesticated poultry and 30% is wild birds.<ref>Bar-On, Yinon M., Rob Phillips, and Ron Milo. “The Biomass Distribution on Earth.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 25 (June 19, 2018): 6506–11. Accessed January 15, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711842115.</ref>
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* Extra: 29% of the earth's surface is land and 71% is ocean. Of land, 71% is habitable, 19% is barren, 10% is glaciers. Of habitable land, 50% is agricultural, 37% is forest, 11% is shrub land, 1% is urban, and 1% is freshwater . Of the agricultural land, 77% is livestock and 23% is food crops for humans.<ref name=":0" />
  
 
=== Deforestation ===
 
=== Deforestation ===
 +
* Animal agriculture accounts for  75–80% of deforestation in the Amazon rain forests, clearing land to hold cattle and grow feed for cattle.<ref>Bustamante, Mercedes M. C., Carlos A. Nobre, Roberto Smeraldi, Ana P. D. Aguiar, Luis G. Barioni, Laerte G. Ferreira, Karla Longo, Peter May, Alexandre S. Pinto, and Jean P. H. B. Ometto. “Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cattle Raising in Brazil.” Climatic Change 115, no. 3–4 (December 2012): 559–77. Accessed December 3 2019. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0443-3</nowiki></ref><ref>Evidence of Species Loss in Amazon Caused by Deforestation.” ScienceDaily. Accessed June 8, 2017. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150824064927.htm</ref>
  
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<!-- Seventy-five percent of deforestation in Brazil is due to the clearing land for cattle ranching. This was responsible for 50 percent of Brazil's greenhouse gas emissions from 2003-2008.<ref>Bustamante, Mercedes M. C., Carlos A. Nobre, Roberto Smeraldi, Ana P. D. Aguiar, Luis G. Barioni, Laerte G. Ferreira, Karla Longo, Peter May, Alexandre S. Pinto, and Jean P. H. B. Ometto. “Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cattle Raising in Brazil.” Climatic Change 115, no. 3–4 (December 2012): 559–77. Accessed December 3 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0443-3.</ref> Forests are also cleared in order to grow crops, mainly to feed to livestock.<ref>“Plan B Updates - 86: Growing Demand for Soybeans Threatens Amazon Rainforest | EPI.” Accessed November 24, 2019. http://www.earth-policy.org/plan_b_updates/2009/update86.</ref> -->
+
=== Species Extinction ===
 +
* Animal agriculture contributes to species extinction via loss of habitat due to land-use change, deforestation, the killing of predators to protect livestock, contamination of land and water by manure and pesticides and fertilizers used to grow crops for livestock, and increased global warming, as some species are not able to adapt quickly enough to survive.:<ref name=":4" />
  
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=== Species Extinction ===
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* A study, published in 2015 in ''Science Advances'', confirms what many scientists have been saying, reporting there being "an exceptionally rapid loss of biodiversity over the last few centuries, indicating that a sixth mass extinction is already underway."<ref>Ceballos, Gerardo, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anthony D. Barnosky, Andrés García, Robert M. Pringle, and Todd M. Palmer. “Accelerated Modern Human–induced Species Losses: Entering the Sixth Mass Extinction.” Science Advances 1, no. 5 (June 1, 2015): e1400253. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400253 </ref>
  
−
<!-- Animal agriculture, including the production of beef and dairy products, contributes to species extinction in many ways. These include:<ref name="lls" /> moss of habitat due to deforestation, he killing of predators to protect livestock, contamination of land and water by manure and pesticides/fertilizers (used to grow crops for livestock), uncreased global warming as some species are not able to adapt quickly enough to survive. -->
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* According to a systematic review published in ''Science of the Total Environment'' in 2015, which analyzed over 140 research papers and studies, "animal product consumption by humans is likely the leading cause of modern species extinctions, since it is not only the major driver of deforestation but also a principle driver of land degradation, pollution, climate change, overfishing, sedimentation of coastal areas, facilitation of invasions by alien species, and loss of wild carnivores and wild herbivores."<ref>Machovina, Brian, Kenneth J. Feeley, and William J. Ripple. “Biodiversity Conservation: The Key Is Reducing Meat Consumption.” Science of The Total Environment 536 (December 2015): 419–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022 </ref>
  
 
=== Fish Depletion ===
 
=== Fish Depletion ===
 +
* Around three-quarters of the world's fisheries are now either fully exploited, overexploited, or depleted.<ref>“General Situation of World Fish Stocks.” United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://www.fao.org/newsroom/common/ecg/1000505/en/stocks.pdf.</ref>
 +
 +
* It has been predicted that stocks of all species currently fished could collapse by 2048 if we continue to fish at the same rate.<ref>Worm, B., E. B. Barbier, N. Beaumont, J. E. Duffy, C. Folke, B. S. Halpern, J. B. C. Jackson, et al. “Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services.” Science 314, no. 5800 (November 3, 2006): 787–90. Accessed December 11, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132294.</ref>
 +
 +
* Overfishing is pushing many species to the brink of extinction.<ref>Burgess, M. G., S. Polasky, and D. Tilman. “Predicting Overfishing and Extinction Threats in Multispecies Fisheries.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 40 (October 1, 2013): 15943–48. Accessed December 12 2019. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1314472110.</ref> One of the most famous cases is the highly-prized Pacific bluefin tuna, which could soon be functionally extinct due to overfishing if nothing is done.<ref>Harvey, Fiona. “Overfishing Causes Pacific Bluefin Tuna Numbers to Drop 96%.” The Guardian, January 9, 2013, sec. Environment. Accessed December 12 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jan/09/overfishing-pacific-bluefin-tuna.</ref>
 +
 +
* An estimated 837 million pounds of bycatch was produced by US fisheries alone.<ref>Benaka, L.R., D. Bullock, A.L. Hoover, and N.A. Olsen (editors). U.S. National Bycatch Report First Edition Update 3. 2019. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO-190. Accessed December 11 2019. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/webdam/download/87740881</ref> Bycatch is fish other than the species that is targeted by a fishing operation. It is not just fish who are accidentally caught, but also other animals such as turtles, marine mammals (like dolphins), and seabirds.<ref name="noa">Fisheries, NOAA. “Bycatch | NOAA Fisheries.” NOAA, December 6, 2019. Accessed December 11 2019. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/bycatch.</ref>
  
 
=== Eutrophication ===
 
=== Eutrophication ===
 +
* Eutrophication, usually caused by agricultural runoff, depleted the water of the oxygen required to support life.<!--On factory farms, animals produce huge quantities of waste in a comparatively small area. For example, a farm of 2500 dairy cows can produce as much waste as a city of 411,000 people.<ref>“Risk Assessment Evaluation for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations.” United States Environmental Protection Agency, May 2004.</ref> This waste is dumped untreated into large "lagoons" or spread across nearby fields. When lagoons overflow or waste runs off the fields, it can contaminate waterways and may even flow as far as the ocean. Since manure is high in nitrogen, it can cause algae in the water to bloom and use up much of the available oxygen — a process known as eutrophication. This creates what is known as a nitrogen-flooded ocean dead zone, where it is difficult for anything else to survive.<ref name=":2" /> -->
  
−
<!--On factory farms, animals produce huge quantities of waste in a comparatively small area. For example, a farm of 2500 dairy cows can produce as much waste as a city of 411,000 people.<ref>“Risk Assessment Evaluation for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations.” United States Environmental Protection Agency, May 2004.</ref> This waste is dumped untreated into large "lagoons" or spread across nearby fields. When lagoons overflow or waste runs off the fields, it can contaminate waterways and may even flow as far as the ocean. Since manure is high in nitrogen, it can cause algae in the water to bloom and use up much of the available oxygen — a process known as eutrophication. This creates what is known as a nitrogen-flooded ocean dead zone, where it is difficult for anything else to survive.<ref name=":2" /> -->
 
  
 
=== Water Pollution ===
 
=== Water Pollution ===
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<!-- Beef production is hugely water-intensive, largely due to the amount of water required to grow the crops eaten by factory-farmed animals.<ref name="lls" /> Researchers suggest that at least 2,500 gallons of water are required to produce a single pound of beef, and the figure could be as high as over 11,300 gallons.<ref>Robbins, John. Diet for a New America. Tiburon, Calif: H J Kramer, 1998, 367.</ref><ref>Pimentel, David, Bonnie Berger, David Filiberto, Michelle Newton, Benjamin Wolfe, Elizabeth Karabinakis, Steven Clark, Elaine Poon, Elizabeth Abbett, and Sudha Nandagopal. “Water Resources: Agricultural and Environmental Issues.” BioScience 54, no. 10 (2004): 909. Accessed December 3 2019. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0909:WRAAEI]2.0.CO;2.</ref> -->
 
<!-- Beef production is hugely water-intensive, largely due to the amount of water required to grow the crops eaten by factory-farmed animals.<ref name="lls" /> Researchers suggest that at least 2,500 gallons of water are required to produce a single pound of beef, and the figure could be as high as over 11,300 gallons.<ref>Robbins, John. Diet for a New America. Tiburon, Calif: H J Kramer, 1998, 367.</ref><ref>Pimentel, David, Bonnie Berger, David Filiberto, Michelle Newton, Benjamin Wolfe, Elizabeth Karabinakis, Steven Clark, Elaine Poon, Elizabeth Abbett, and Sudha Nandagopal. “Water Resources: Agricultural and Environmental Issues.” BioScience 54, no. 10 (2004): 909. Accessed December 3 2019. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0909:WRAAEI]2.0.CO;2.</ref> -->
 +
 +
=== Wildlife Destruction ===
  
 
== Advocacy ==
 
== Advocacy ==

Latest revision as of 07:24, 4 March 2020

Following the fact sheet is a section addressing advocacy and providing links to additional reading.

Fact Sheet

Summary

  • This fact sheet provides evidence that animal agriculture is a leading cause (and in some cases the leading cause) of most forms of environmental damage, and that the single most significant way you can reduce your personal contribution to this damage is to adopt a vegan diet.
  • An article published in the Harvard Law Review sums up the scientific findings by saying that "our demand for and reliance on animal products" is "a leading cause of everything: one industry that is destroying our planet and our ability to thrive on it." It connects animal agriculture with climate change. ocean dead zones. fisheries depletion. species extinction, deforestation, world hunger, food safety, heart disease, obesity, diabetes, and says "the list goes on". [1]
  • Note: Among the sources of information for this fact sheet is the 2018 study titled Reducing Food’s Environmental Impacts Through Producers and Consumers and commonly known as the Oxford Study.[2] This study has been called the most comprehensive study of it's kind, [3] examining 38,700 farms in 119 countries, and representing 90% of the world's protein and calorie consumption.

Personal Responsibility

  • "A vegan diet is probably the single biggest way to reduce your impact on planet earth—it is far bigger than cutting down on your flights or buying an electric car...avoiding consumption of animal products delivers far better environmental benefits than trying to purchase sustainable meat and dairy.”[3] So says Joseph Poore, who led the 2018 Oxford Study.[2] which was called the most comprehensive analysis to date of its kind."[3]
  • A study published by the National Institutes of Health concluded that those eating a meat-based diet were responsible for approximately double the greenhouse gas emissions as those on a vegan diet.[4]
  • The Oxford Study.[2] found that moving to a diet that excludes animal products has transformative potential, including a 76% reduction in land use, a 49% reduction in greenhouse emissions from farming, a 50% reduction in ocean acidification, and a 49% reduction in eutrophication (excess runoff choking off oxygen and killing animals).[5]
  • Researchers from the University of Chicago determined that you reduce your personal contribution to global warming more by changing to a vegan diet than you do by switching to a Prius[6]
  • In 2017, over 15,000 scientists from 184 countries issued a "Warning to Humanity," promoting plant-based eating as a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[7]

Global Warming

  • Even the lowest impact bovine meat is responsible for six times more greenhouse gases than the production of plant-based protein, according to the 2018 Oxford Study,[2] which has been called the most comprehensive study of it's kind, [3] examining 38,700 farms in 119 countries, and representing 90% of the world's protein and calorie consumption.
  • A number of studies have put animal agriculture's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions between the United Nation's estimate of 14.5% and the World Watch Institute's estimate of 51%.[8] But even at the lower number of 14.5%, animal agriculture contributes more to global warming than all cars, trucks, trains, buses, airplanes, and ships combined—more than the entire transportation sector, which the EPA pegs at 14% globally.[9]
  • A 2006 United Nations study titled Livestock's Long Shadow said that livestock accounts for 18% of global greenhouse gas emissions.[10] In 2013, UN revised the number to the to 14.5%[11], shortly after forming partnerships with the International Meat Secretariat and International Dairy Federation.[12]
  • A 2009 study titled Livestock and Climate Change—published by The World Watch Institute and authored by environmental scientists Robert Goodland and Jeff Anhang—concluded that Animal Agriculture was responsible for 51% of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.[13] It considered factors that the earlier United nations report omitted, such as lost sequestration, failure to allocate feed production, and not using a realistic time frame. The 51% figure has been criticized and has not reached scientific consensus.[14]
  • In a New York times editorial, Robert Goodland defends the 51% figure, saying that "the key difference between the 18 percent and 51 percent figures is that the latter accounts for how exponential growth in livestock production (now more than 60 billion land animals per year), accompanied by large scale deforestation and forest-burning, have caused a dramatic decline in the earth’s photosynthetic capacity, along with large and accelerating increases in volatilization of soil carbon.[12]

Land Surface and Biomass

  • The lowest impact bovine meat uses 36 times more land than the production of plant-based protein, according to the Oxford Study.[2]
  • Using FAO data, an analytics site reports that animal agriculture accounts for 77% of the earth's agricultural land while supplying only 18 percent of our calories. Conversely, the 23% of agricultural land that is used for crops for human consumption supplies 83% of our calories. [15]. This is roughly equivalent to the Oxford Study's.[2] findings.
  • A 2018 study titled "The biomass distribution on Earth" concludes that for all mammals, biomass (weight) is distributed as follows: 60% livestock, 36% human, and 4% wild animals. The same study reported that of bird biomass, 70% is domesticated poultry and 30% is wild birds.[16]
  • An analysis of data in the Oxford Study.[2] by The Guardian concluded that eliminating animal agriculture would reduce farmland use by 75% without impeding our ability to feed the world[3].
  • A Bloomberg analysis using USDA data reveals that in the United States, 41% of all land is used for animal agriculture—to confine livestock or grow feed for livestock.[17]
  • Extra: 29% of the earth's surface is land and 71% is ocean. Of land, 71% is habitable, 19% is barren, 10% is glaciers. Of habitable land, 50% is agricultural, 37% is forest, 11% is shrub land, 1% is urban, and 1% is freshwater . Of the agricultural land, 77% is livestock and 23% is food crops for humans.[15]

Deforestation

  • Animal agriculture accounts for 75–80% of deforestation in the Amazon rain forests, clearing land to hold cattle and grow feed for cattle.[18][19]

Species Extinction

  • Animal agriculture contributes to species extinction via loss of habitat due to land-use change, deforestation, the killing of predators to protect livestock, contamination of land and water by manure and pesticides and fertilizers used to grow crops for livestock, and increased global warming, as some species are not able to adapt quickly enough to survive.:[10]
  • A study, published in 2015 in Science Advances, confirms what many scientists have been saying, reporting there being "an exceptionally rapid loss of biodiversity over the last few centuries, indicating that a sixth mass extinction is already underway."[20]
  • According to a systematic review published in Science of the Total Environment in 2015, which analyzed over 140 research papers and studies, "animal product consumption by humans is likely the leading cause of modern species extinctions, since it is not only the major driver of deforestation but also a principle driver of land degradation, pollution, climate change, overfishing, sedimentation of coastal areas, facilitation of invasions by alien species, and loss of wild carnivores and wild herbivores."[21]

Fish Depletion

  • Around three-quarters of the world's fisheries are now either fully exploited, overexploited, or depleted.[22]
  • It has been predicted that stocks of all species currently fished could collapse by 2048 if we continue to fish at the same rate.[23]
  • Overfishing is pushing many species to the brink of extinction.[24] One of the most famous cases is the highly-prized Pacific bluefin tuna, which could soon be functionally extinct due to overfishing if nothing is done.[25]
  • An estimated 837 million pounds of bycatch was produced by US fisheries alone.[26] Bycatch is fish other than the species that is targeted by a fishing operation. It is not just fish who are accidentally caught, but also other animals such as turtles, marine mammals (like dolphins), and seabirds.[27]

Eutrophication

  • Eutrophication, usually caused by agricultural runoff, depleted the water of the oxygen required to support life.


Water Pollution

Water Wastage

Air Pollution

Wildlife Destruction

Advocacy

Global Warming: 51% from Animal Ag?

A number of activists are using World Watch Institute's numbers in saying that animal agriculture is the leading cause of global warming, with its reported 51% contribution. They are dismayed when public figures like Joaquin Phoenix, in high-publicity appearances, state that it's the third leading cause.

Here's where "third leading" may come from: The UN revised their estimate for Animal Ag down from 18% to 14%. That puts power generation at #1 and transportation at #2, if you break it down that way. [28] (Note that according to Mic the Vegan, the UN revised their estimates because of partnerships with animal ag.[29])

Saying that animal agriculture is the leading cause seems to be contentious among scientists. The argument is still strong without using a contentious figure, which could, even if correct, undermine your credibility in the eyes of your audience. We believe the wording presented in the personal responsibility and global warming sections of the fact sheet is a viable way to present this. It emphasizes that animal agriculture is the leading cause for which we can take responsibility on a personal level.


See Also

IAPT: Emissions Impossible: How big meat and dairy are heating up the planet

Land Usage Chart from Our World in Data, summarized from UN Data

Plain Text

Meta

This fact sheet was originally authored by Greg Fuller. The contents may have been edited since that time by others.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Harvard Environmental Law Review. “[ELRS] A Leading Cause of Everything: One Industry That Is Destroying Our Planet and Our Ability to Thrive on It,” October 26, 2015. Accessed January 10, 2020. https://harvardelr.com/2015/10/26/elrs-a-leading-cause-of-everything-one-industry-that-is-destroying-our-planet-and-our-ability-to-thrive-on-it/.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Poore, J., and T. Nemecek. “Reducing Food’s Environmental Impacts Through Producers and Consumers.” Science 360, no. 6392 (June 1, 2018): 987–92. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0216
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 “Avoiding Meat and Dairy Is ‘Single Biggest Way’ to Reduce Your Impact on Earth.” The Guardian, May 31, 2018, sec. Environment. Accessed March 2, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/31/avoiding-meat-and-dairy-is-single-biggest-way-to-reduce-your-impact-on-earth.
  4. ↑ Scarborough, Peter, Paul N. Appleby, Anja Mizdrak, Adam D. M. Briggs, Ruth C. Travis, Kathryn E. Bradbury, and Timothy J. Key. “Dietary Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Meat-Eaters, Fish-Eaters, Vegetarians and Vegans in the UK.” Climatic Change 125, no. 2 (2014): 179–192. Accessed March 2, 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4372775/.
  5. ↑ Poore, J., and T. Nemecek. “Reducing Food’s Environmental Impacts through Producers and Consumers.” Science 360, no. 6392 (June 1, 2018): 987–92. Accessed January 10, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0216.
  6. ↑ Gidon Eshel, and Pamela A. Martin. “Diet, Energy, and Global Warming.” Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 2005. Accessed November 14, 2019. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/EI167.1
  7. ↑ Ripple, William J., Christopher Wolf, Thomas M. Newsome, Mauro Galetti, Mohammed Alamgir, Eileen Crist, Mahmoud I. Mahmoud, William F. Laurance, and 15,364 scientist signatories from 184 countries. “World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice.” BioScience 67, no. 12 (December 1, 2017): 1026–28. Accessed December 3 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix125.
  8. ↑ “Climate Change.” Truth or Drought. Accessed March 2, 2020. https://www.truthordrought.com/climate-change.
  9. ↑ US EPA, OAR. “Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data.” Overviews and Factsheets. US EPA, January 12, 2016. Accessed December 3 2019. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Steinfeld, Henning, Pierre Gerber, T. Wassenaar, V. Castel, Mauricio Rosales, and C. de Haan. “Livestock’s Long Shadow” (2006). Accessed March 2, 2020. http://www.fao.org/3/a0701e/a0701e00.htm.
  11. ↑ “FAO - News Article: Major Cuts of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock within Reach.” Accessed March 2, 2020. http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/197608/icode/.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 “FAO Yields to Meat Industry Pressure on Climate Change.” Mark Bittman Blog, July 11, 2012. Accessed March 2, 2020. https://bittman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/11/fao-yields-to-meat-industry-pressure-on-climate-change/.
  13. ↑ Goodland, R, and J Anhang. “ Livestock and Climate Change: Washington: Worldwatch Institute, 2009. Accessed 03/02/2020. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6704/c7a0777c82357704d82b9ae8007c1197cb07.pdf?
  14. ↑ “Movie Review: There’s a Vast Cowspiracy about Climate Change.” Union of Concerned Scientists. Last modified June 10, 2016. Accessed March 2, 2020. https://blog.ucsusa.org/doug-boucher/cowspiracy-movie-review.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Ritchie, Hannah, and Max Roser. “Land Use.” Our World in Data, November 13, 2013. Accessed January 10, 2020. https://ourworldindata.org/land-use.
  16. ↑ Bar-On, Yinon M., Rob Phillips, and Ron Milo. “The Biomass Distribution on Earth.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 25 (June 19, 2018): 6506–11. Accessed January 15, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711842115.
  17. ↑ Merrill, Dave, and Lauren Leatherby. “Here’s How America Uses Its Land.” Bloomberg.Com, n.d. Accessed March 3, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2018-us-land-use/.
  18. ↑ Bustamante, Mercedes M. C., Carlos A. Nobre, Roberto Smeraldi, Ana P. D. Aguiar, Luis G. Barioni, Laerte G. Ferreira, Karla Longo, Peter May, Alexandre S. Pinto, and Jean P. H. B. Ometto. “Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cattle Raising in Brazil.” Climatic Change 115, no. 3–4 (December 2012): 559–77. Accessed December 3 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0443-3
  19. ↑ Evidence of Species Loss in Amazon Caused by Deforestation.” ScienceDaily. Accessed June 8, 2017. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150824064927.htm
  20. ↑ Ceballos, Gerardo, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anthony D. Barnosky, Andrés García, Robert M. Pringle, and Todd M. Palmer. “Accelerated Modern Human–induced Species Losses: Entering the Sixth Mass Extinction.” Science Advances 1, no. 5 (June 1, 2015): e1400253. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400253
  21. ↑ Machovina, Brian, Kenneth J. Feeley, and William J. Ripple. “Biodiversity Conservation: The Key Is Reducing Meat Consumption.” Science of The Total Environment 536 (December 2015): 419–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022
  22. ↑ “General Situation of World Fish Stocks.” United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Accessed December 11, 2019. http://www.fao.org/newsroom/common/ecg/1000505/en/stocks.pdf.
  23. ↑ Worm, B., E. B. Barbier, N. Beaumont, J. E. Duffy, C. Folke, B. S. Halpern, J. B. C. Jackson, et al. “Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services.” Science 314, no. 5800 (November 3, 2006): 787–90. Accessed December 11, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132294.
  24. ↑ Burgess, M. G., S. Polasky, and D. Tilman. “Predicting Overfishing and Extinction Threats in Multispecies Fisheries.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 40 (October 1, 2013): 15943–48. Accessed December 12 2019. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1314472110.
  25. ↑ Harvey, Fiona. “Overfishing Causes Pacific Bluefin Tuna Numbers to Drop 96%.” The Guardian, January 9, 2013, sec. Environment. Accessed December 12 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jan/09/overfishing-pacific-bluefin-tuna.
  26. ↑ Benaka, L.R., D. Bullock, A.L. Hoover, and N.A. Olsen (editors). U.S. National Bycatch Report First Edition Update 3. 2019. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO-190. Accessed December 11 2019. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/webdam/download/87740881
  27. ↑ Fisheries, NOAA. “Bycatch | NOAA Fisheries.” NOAA, December 6, 2019. Accessed December 11 2019. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/bycatch.
  28. ↑ https://www.nrdc.org/stories/global-warming-101#causes)
  29. ↑ https://youtu.be/KpmTiHjUEBU starting at 3:30
  30. ↑ Skeptical Science. “How Much Does Animal Agriculture and Eating Meat Contribute to Global Warming?” Accessed January 10, 2020. https://skepticalscience.com/animal-agriculture-meat-global-warming.htm.
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