Difference between revisions of "Glf:So Much Depends"
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== Vegan History == | == Vegan History == | ||
| − | '''Vegan Coined.''' The word vegan itself was coined in rural England in1944, by Donald Watson and his wife Dorothy | + | '''Vegan Coined.''' The word vegan itself was coined in rural England in1944, by Donald Watson and his wife Dorothy. |
| − | '''Dismayed Formation.''' They were dismayed that the word vegetarian had morphed to included dairy and eggs, and so they formed | + | '''Dismayed Formation.''' They were dismayed that the word vegetarian had morphed to included dairy and eggs, and so they formed a new word by taking the first 3 and the last 2 letters of the word vegetarian. |
| − | '''Society, Movement.''' Then they formed the Vegan Society, a local club at the time | + | '''Society, Movement.''' Then they formed the Vegan Society, a local club at the time and a global movement grew from that. |
== Historical Figures == | == Historical Figures == | ||
Revision as of 21:47, 5 February 2020
Contents
Introduction
Thank you, xxx, for that wonderful introduction, and many thanks to the xxx for hosting me and setting this up.
And thanks to all of you for coming, and for having an open mind to hear something you know will likely challenge some of your beliefs. No progress could have ever been made on any social justice issue without beliefs being challenged.
[If not in intro: Travel, street outreach, talks, various form of activism.]
I have a web site, justiceforanimals.org, also known as the JFA Wiki, where you will find sources and citations for the factual information I will present today. You can also find beginner information for those getting started in veganism, as well as answers to objections about animal rights.
If you wish to contact me, go to the site and search for Greg, which will get you a link to my profile page with my email, facebook page, and other information.
We’ll have a question and answer session at the end of this talk.
Poem
Talk Title. The title of this talk, So Much Depends, is taken from the first line a poem, a popular and visually evocative and very short poem by William Carlos Williams.
Recite Poem. It goes like this: "So much depends | upon a red wheelbarrow | glazed with rain water | beside the white chickens"
Then Depend. Although I’m not sure a literal interpretation of the poem is warranted, I suspect that when the poem was published in 1923, a lot did depend on the old homestead wheelbarrow.
Now Increase.But times are different now. Since that time, the number of those chickens you see in the poem that are bred and slaughtered has increased 1,400 percent, while the number of farms producing those chickens has decreased 98%.
Concentration | percent. Those numbers should tell you something about the concentration of animal farming. Today 98 to 99% of meat, dairy, and eggs comes from factory farms
Demand Our increasing demand for meat, dairy, and eggs, has not only exponentially added to the numbers of animals suffering, but has also added more kinds abuse to those that farmed animals were already forced to endure during their lives and during slaughter.
Other Problems. This concentration has not only contributed to the suffering of innocent, sentient beings, but has also contributed to a host of other problems.
Now. Now, not so much depends on the homestead wheelbarrow, but so much does depend on what we choose to put in our mouths every day. This includes the health of the planet, our own health, our ability to feed ourselves, and the well-being of not only farmed animals, but wild animals as well.
Context
Context of. I'll talk about thewe dependencies in the context of animal rights and veganism shortly...
General. but first, a bit of more general information...
Together. I often use the terms animal rights and veganism together, because they go together.
Terms Think. I think of those two terms like this:
Animal rights stands for—when used in the general sense and not in reference to a particular philosophical framework—a high degree of moral concern for animals.
- A belief that animals have an inherent worth apart from their instrumental value to us humans,
- And thus animals should not be exploited or harmed unnecessarily.
Veganism is a way of living that minimizes harm to animals
Ends | Means In other words, Veganism is a means to an end goal, the goal of having a society that recognizes animal rights and acts accordingly.
Vegan History
Vegan Coined. The word vegan itself was coined in rural England in1944, by Donald Watson and his wife Dorothy.
Dismayed Formation. They were dismayed that the word vegetarian had morphed to included dairy and eggs, and so they formed a new word by taking the first 3 and the last 2 letters of the word vegetarian.
Society, Movement. Then they formed the Vegan Society, a local club at the time and a global movement grew from that.
Historical Figures
Even though the word vegan didn’t appear until 1944, the ideas of compassion and justice behind the word, go way back.
So I’ll quickly mention just a few of the many historical figures who were, what we would today call vegan. These include...
Pythagoras. In Ancient Greece, Pythagoras (570 BCE–490 BCE) abstained from eating animals because he believed that we have a special kinship with them—not because of their intelligence, but because they feel pleasure and pain just like we do.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) loved animals, refused to eat them, and abhorred the idea of causing them pain or restricting their freedom.
- In the open markets on the streets of Florence Italy, he would see birds for sale in cages and buy them just so he could set them free.
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822), has been called the first celebrity vegan.
Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910) felt that hurting animals suppressed our spiritual capacity for sympathy toward, not just animals, but humans as well.
'George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950) said “animals are my friends…and I don’t eat my friends." (—A quote that will definitely get you kicked out of the 4-H club—)
Mahatma Gandhi, (1869–1948) as a young law student in London, made the spread of what would now be called veganism his stated mission, and he carried out the mission by writing essays and giving speeches on the topic.
Gandhi Stretch. I don’t think it’s a stretch to say Gandhi honed his activist’s skills on being a voice for animals and then he later then used those skills to change the course of human history.
Regan | Singer. In the 70’s and 80’s, two philosophers, Peter Singer and Tom Regan, coming at it from entirely different philosophical perspectives, each published a classic book on animal rights. These books informed and motivated a new generation of activists.
Regan said that “the philosophy of animal rights stands for peace, and against violence,” and embraces justice as its highest principle.
Resurgence of Interest
Which brings us to today, and the resurgence of interest in animal rights and veganism.
We see new vegan restaurants, more menu items, and more vegan processed foods. DEMAND STAT.
But healthiest vegan choices, the whole foods, have always been available in grocery stores—hundreds of kinds of vegetables and fruits, whole grains, beans, nuts, seeds, and spices. Add to that most cereals, breads, and many if not most condiments, and sauces. Many snacks,—popcorn, chips, dip, cookies, ice creams, pizzas, burger patties. And the milk: almond, soy, rice, flax, macadamia, and now oat.
According to a high dollar market research firm (Global Data), in 3 recent years the number of people in this country who identify as vegan increased five fold, and the momentum has continued since.
People are getting interested because of an increasing awareness that so much does depend on what we choose to eat:
animals, the environment, poverty and impoverishment, and health.
So let's take a look at each of these.
Environment
First, the environment and global warming:
Various studies have put animal agriculture's contribution to global warming from 13% to 51%.
The studies with the lower estimates are from organizations with strong ties to animal agriculture, while the studies with higher estimates include consequences of animal agriculture that the others have left out, like carbon sequestration.
By most estimates, animal agriculture contributes more to global warming than all cars, trucks, trains, buses, airplanes, and ships combined—more than the entire transportation sector, which the EPA pegs at 14% globally.
You would think that might have some ramifications for personal action, and it does.
Researchers from the University of Chicago determined that you reduce your personal contribution to global warming more by changing to a vegan diet than you do by switching to a Prius.
In 2017, over 15,000 scientists from 184 countries issued a "Warning to Humanity," promoting plant-based eating as a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
In 2018, the Oxford Study was published. It was called the most comprehensive analysis to date of its kind.
Joseph Poore, who led the research said "A vegan diet is probably the single biggest way to reduce your impact on planet Earth"—"It is far bigger than cutting down on your flights or buying an electric car.”
Global warming is a serious problem, threatening all life on earth but it’s not the only environmental issue with animal agriculture.
It would be an understatement to say that meat-based diets are strongly implicated in water wastage and water pollution, ocean dead zones, fish depletion, species extinction, and deforestation.
I wish I had time to give over all these, but I’ll just barely expound on one. The World Bank concluded that animal agriculture is responsible for 90% of Amazon Rainforest destruction.
And rainforest destruction of just one of the ways animal ag contributes to species extension.[1] Scientists say we are in the 6th mass extinction, the last one being the age of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, and that we are losing dozens of species every day, and that, unlike extinctions in the past, current extinctions are caused almost entirely by human activities.
We are losing the rainforests, which are the lungs of our planet,
we are losing the diversity of life on our planet,
and we are losing the ability of our planet to sustain life,
To a large degree because of animal agriculture.
Hunger
World hunger is a related problem.
In developing countries, over 5 million children under the age of five die of starvation every year and another 800 million are unable to lead a normal life because of chronic hunger.
And yet, eighty percent of these starving children live in countries where food is grown for livestock that will then be shipped to and eaten in more affluent countries.
That seems criminal.
One study shows that by feeding the soy, vegetables and grains now grown for animals, by feeding them directly to people, we can feed an additional 3.5 billion people in the world,
and a separate study shows that we could feed an additional 400 million just in the United States.
Now, you may be wondering how this could be. Wouldn’t we have to grow crops for people anyway?
Well yes, but as it turns out, we would have to grow far fewer crops, because animals are so inefficient at turning their feed, which is crop-based, into meat, dairy, and eggs.
This is because most of the calories we feed an animals go toward daily energy for living, as well as creating tissue and body parts that we don't eat, such as bones. Very few of the calories go toward synthesizing the meat, eggs, and milk we do consume
One comprehensive analysis showed that it takes, on average, 24 calories of plant feed to produce just one calorie of food from animals.
Grazing
Some say that grazing, which doesn’t require as many cultivated crops, is the answer.
But studies show that grazing, even regenerative, rotational grazing, and so-called holistic land management techniques
actually harm the land,
don’t provide near enough land for current demands,
take up land that could be inhabited by wildlife,
and increase greenhouse gas emissions, all contrary to what its proponents claim.
Grazing is not the answer.
Health
Consensus
Running plant calories through animals rather than consuming them directly has consequences for health as well.
Leading medical organizations and dietetic associations have explicitly stated, that not only is eating a plant-based diet adequate, but it is also advantageous to good health.
Cleveland Clinic, Mayo Clinic, Harvard Public Health, Kaiser Permanente and others are all on board.
These prominent organizations and others point out the ability of a plant-based diet to prevent, reverse, or lower your risk of
heart disease, diabetes, obesity, high cholesterol, cancer, hypertension, osteoporosis, and other diseases and conditions.
Cleveland Clinic says there are no disadvantages to a herbivorous diet;
Kaiser Permanente even advises their doctors to recommend a plant-based diet to their patients.
And it's not just the clinics, hospitals, and research organizations I just mentioned.
The real experts on human nutrition are the dietetic associations.
The U.S.-based Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the largest dietetic association in the world with over 100,000 credentialed professionals,
says that a vegan diet is appropriate for all stages of life, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, adolescence, the elderly and for athletes. (2009, 2016)
The dietetic associations in Canada, Great Britain, and Australia have issued similar statements.
Whole Foods Plant Base Movement
You might have noticed is a world-wide plant-based health movement, which runs parallel to the animal rights movement.
In this country it’s led by people like:
Dr. Kim Williams, past president of the American College of Cardiology. Doctor Williams says that "there are two kinds of cardiologists—vegans and those who haven't read the data."
Some of you may be familiar with Dr. Michael Gregor who points to a large body of research showing that 14 of the 15 leading causes of death are linked to eating animal products.
There are lots of initiatives in the country like Plant Pure Nation, as documented by the movie of the same name.
They went into rural communities and fed volunteers vegan versions of the kinds of meals they would normally eat, like veggie burgers and vegan lasagna,
And after just two weeks, many saw their cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, blood sugar and other markers improve dramatically.
People were getting off of, or reducing their medications.
The independent lab tester said that in his 25 years of experience, he had never seen results like these.
This matches my own personal story, and It also matches stories I’ve heard from Birmingham Vegans, and stories I often hear as I travel around the country.
Costs
Think about not only the cost of suffering from these diseases, but the monetary costs to society and to individuals.
A study published by the National Academy of Sciences calculates an annual health-care savings of over $3,000 for each person on a plant-based diet in the United States.
Eating vegan, the food itself, is not more expensive - quite the contrary.
Mayo Clinic says that meatless meals are not only healthier, but they’re budget friendly and can be used to save money.
A study published in the Journal of Hunger and Environmental Nutrition—apparently there’s a journal for everything—this study reaches the same conclusion.
This is consistent my own personal experience. I saved a ton of money when I went vegan.
Athletes
This plant-based and vegan movement is also reflected in a surge in the number of professional athletes who are vegan.
Endurance athletes like Ultra-marathoner Fiona Oakes, who holds 4 world records, and Scott Jurek, the most accomplished male ultra marathoner, are both vegan.
Vegans are taking podium positions in bicycle racing, track, soccer, surfing, and tennis.
A number of NBA and NFL players are vegan.
Body builders and weight lifters are in on this too.
Pat Baboumian, who holds the world deadlift record and has been called the strongest man in the world, says a vegan diet only made him stronger.
When someone asked him how he could be as strong as an ox without eating meat, he replied, "have you ever seen an ox eating meat?"
The only USA male weightlifter to qualify for the last Winter Olympics, Kendrick Ferris, is vegan,
Vegan bodybuilding is a thing now.
When you look at their interviews, these athletes say that eating vegan has resulted in more strength, better endurance, quicker recovery times, and fewer friends.
Veganism
But it's interesting that many of the athletes going vegan were motivated out of a concern for animals…
Animals
Harms
As far as harm, we harm animals by the way we treat them when they are alive, and we harm them by depriving them of a life.
Animals used for meat are slaughtered after living less than 10% of their natural lifespan, and those used for milk and eggs are slaughtered after living less than one fourth of their lifespan.
But many feel that we are not harming animals when we use them for food as long as we treat them well while they are living.
The justification given for this view is that animals don't have a sense of the future, and thus don’t have an interest in continuing to live.
However, current research in cognitive ethology and neurobiology says otherwise.
Humane
But if one holds this belief, in spite of the science, and wants to live by their own values, they might, with good intentions, decide to buy only products from animals that have some sort of humane label or certification.
So we go to the grocery store and buy some
free range chicken breasts,
some cage-free eggs,
some Whole Foods Global Animal Partnership, that’s GAP, G-A-P, GAP certified hamburger meat,
and some milk with a certified humanly raised sticker on the carton.
We feel we’ve done the right thing, and all is well.
But let’s take a closer look.
Consumer Reports says that the free range label is misleading. The free-range space itself may be nothing more than an enclosed concrete slab that the chickens never use. They also advise you ignore cage-free claims.
Because of loopholes in the USDA definitions, most cage free and free range birds live in crowded chicken houses, the same as those without such a label.
They lack the room to engage in their natural behaviors of preening, nesting, foraging, dust bathing, and perching.
And the ammonia-laden air in these buildings is often so noxious that humans dare not enter without a gas mask;
consequently, the birds commonly suffer respiratory disorders, severe flesh and eye burns, and sometimes blindness.
How about hamburger meat with the Whole Foods GAP certification?
The Open Philanthropy Project criticized GAP for having weak enforcement and for providing only slight improvements over standard factory farming conditions.
And the Certified Humane milk?
Consumer Reports says that “we do not rate Certified Humane as a highly meaningful label for animal welfare”.
It’s the same for other labels and certifications.
Standards are weak and unenforced, audits and inspections are rarely done, and if they are done and violations are found, which is infrequent, no one gets fined.
Humane labels and certifications are, for the most part, marketing ploys.
They are designed to assuage our guilt, and they can engender higher profits, because the industry knows that concerned, kindhearted consumers are willing to pay more for products they perceive to be humanely produced.
Chickens
But what about birds that really are free range?
They represent only a small fraction of chicken products that are labeled free range, which in turn represent only a small fraction of total chicken products. That’s a lot of leading zeros after the decimal point.
While they may actually be free range, there are other systemic cruelties, shared with warehoused birds, just as bad or worse than being confined.
for example, in laying hen hatcheries that supply chickens to producers, even free range and cage-free producers, the male chicks are useless because they are bred specifically for eggs, so the newly-hatched male chicks are thrown down a chute to spinning blades that grind them up alive. Millions a year.
Laying hens are bred to lay not only larger eggs, which strain their orifice, but 30 times more eggs than the jungle fowl from which they are mutated.
This burdens them with high rates of osteoporosis, bone breakage, and uterus prolapse.
Chickens bred for meat don't have it any better. They have been bred to grow at an unnaturally fast rate and have breasts three times as large as their forebears.
As you can easily imagine, This leads to high rates of leg and skeletal disorders, degenerative diseases; as well as heart, lung and respiratory problems.
Chickens deserve better. A prominent neurobiologist—she’s probably the worlds leading animal neurobiologist—Leslie J Rogers, says “birds have cognitive capacities equivalent to those of mammals, even primates.”
And by the way, numerous studies show that fish feel pain and have mental powers that can exceed those of some mammals.
Now, I’m not suggesting that we base our degree of moral consideration on cognitive abilities, but most of us, I think, are unaware of the rich mental and emotional lives of chickens and fish.
On the positive side, many are aware that pigs outperform 3-year-olds on cognition tests. But they’re still not allowed in pre-school.
Back on topic.
Cows
What about dairy cows?
Very early in her life a dairy cow will be dehorned—yes both female and male bovines do have horns and both are dehorned.
The dehorning is done by gouging the horns out with a sharp blade, —picture that in your mind—or burning them off with a torch, another troubling image.
These procedures are excruciatingly painful and almost always done without pain medication.
Cows must be pregnant to produce milk. They are forcefully impregnated through artificial insemination, which involves an entire human arm stuck up her anus to guide the semen injection gun which has been inserted into her vulva. Not a pretty picture.
It's not like bulls are on vacation either. To artificially inseminate a cow, semen must be collected.
This involves a teaser-bull, usually a male, and an involuntary donor bull, so we have two males, and the only thing female in the picture is female pheromones that are released to get the donor bull aroused.
In the process, the teaser bull often, to put it mildly, suffers tissue damage, as semen is collected in what the industry has the audacity to call a loving cup.
I will leave the details of that procedure to your imagination.
Back to the cow. She gets pregnant, and like humans, 9 months later, her calf is born.
Cows are very maternal; they love their young. There is no reason to think they don’t love their babies as much as our mothers love us.
But their calves are taken away, separated from their mothers soon after birth. The mothers have been known to grieve and bellow for weeks after.
And the baby calves? They will never know the love and nourishment of their own mothers. The common practice is that they will be isolated and fed a sugary solution instead of their mothers milk, so we can take their milk.
But If they are male, because they have been bred for milk not meat, they will be slaughtered as waste and thrown in the trash shortly after they are born, or they’ll be raised as veal.
Veal—where calves are constrained and intentionally deprived of nutrients to yield a more desirable quality of flesh.
Veal is a product of the dairy industry.
If the calf is female, she will enter the same life of servitude as her mother.
Dairy cows are made to stand for hours a day with machines attached to their udders. Their udders become painfully irritated and often become infected and inflamed, a condition called mastitis, which calls for antibiotics.
As an aside, 80% of antibiotics used in this country are used on farmed animals. They get passed on to humans, causing antibiotic resistance, yet another serious problem with animal agriculture.
The mother cow’s agony is repeated for 4 or 5 years, 4 or 5 cycles of insemination, pregnancy, birth, separation from their babies, and daily mechanical milking.
After that her reproductive system is used up and she is no longer profitable,
so she is slaughtered, sometimes for hamburger meat. sometimes to be discarded as waste.
But when we go to the grocery store, we see the picture of a happy cow on the carton of milk or the package of cheese.
But you know, also in the grocery store is almond milk, soy milk, rice milk, flax milk, macadamia nut milk, and a variety of vegan cheeses, which are improving in flavor and texture all the time.
Animals Endure
This is what these animals endure. You can see it for yourself in industry-produced training videos, and in undercover investigation videos,
and you can read about it in interviews with former and current farm workers.
Slaughterhouses
And I haven't even covered what happens in slaughterhouses.
Numerous firsthand accounts, some from USDA inspectors who have been fired for talking,
show that the increased production line speeds compel workers to move animals toward their death rapidly by any means necessary.
They are rushed through the killing line and often still alive, twitching and writhing, when they are hung up on hooks to be cut open, bled out and skinned.
A slaughterhouse is truly a house of horrors. There is a reason that visitors are not allowed inside their bloody walls.
Harms are Systemic
There is no plausible deniability that these abuses happen, and they are, either standard practice or not unusual, and that they happen in certified humane facilities.
Without the systemic cruelty, driven by pressures of production and profit, meat, dairy, and eggs would be so expensive that only the most affluent could afford them, even with government subsidies. And you would still have to deprive them of their lives.
Catalog of Abuses
The catalog of abuses is long and draconian.
Horrid Living Conditions: Confinement, Crowding, Fecal Filth —having to stand in their own excrement.
Painful Mutilations: Dehorning, Debeaking, Tail Docking, Castration—all without pain relief.
Denial of Natural Behaviors: Courtship, Sex, Roosting, Rooting, foraging, preening.
Debilitating Breeding: Larger Breasts, More flesh, More Milk, More eggs, Bigger Eggs.
Reproductive Violations: Semen collection, Insemination, Separation of Offspring from their mother and from their family and from their communities.
Cruel Handling: Beating, Prodding, Transport in the heat without water or the cold without cover, Maceration—being ground up alive.
Disease and Mental Health
It's no wonder farmed animals suffer high disease and mortality rates, almost always without veterinary care.
And you can imagine what all these physical abuses do to their mental health, causing trauma, anxiety, and depression.
Buy in: Labels
So even if you buy into the idea that it’s OK to eat animal products as long as the animals are treated well, there is virtually no chance that the animals have, in fact, been treated well, regardless of what label is on the package.
While certain labels may represent less suffering for some of the abuses, other abuses remain. The mitigation of some of the cruelties does not justify the remaining ones.
Closing
The lives of farmed animals can only be described as ones of commodified, abusive servitude ending in brutal slaughter.
When viewed objectively, free from the fog of our cultural norms, their treatment and slaughter, by any standard of fairness and justice — cannot be considered humane. regardless of any humane-sounding label that may be on their packaged flesh and secretions..
In all the ways that matter ethically, a dog is a cat is a cow is a pig is a chicken is a fish.
and the animals we treat as mere commodities then slaughter, are no less deserving of their lives than wild animals or the pets we adore and protect..
They have desires, preferences and emotions, just like us.
They have a sense of themselves, a sense of the future, and a will to live, just like us.
The have families and belong to communities.
They feel pain, just like we do.
They are each individuals; somebodies not some things, and what happens to them matters to them.
They are here, sharing this beautiful little planet WITH us, not for us, and deserve to be treated with respect.
Not as property.
Not as living factories to convert feed into flesh.
Not as the raw material for maximum profits.
Not as carcasses to be consumed for pleasures of the palate.
The over 100 billion land animals and even more fish that are slaughtered every year have done nothing to deserve having their throats slit, then being hung up, bled out, passed around on conveyor belts, chopped into pieces, and wrapped in cellophane, just because we like the way they taste.
For us it’s a meal enjoyed then soon forgotten: for them it’s their very lives.
This cruelty will end only when we change our personal choices. There is power in the purse.
As we stop buying products made from animals for food and other uses, they will stop being bred, abused, and slaughtered for food and other uses.
So, finally, if you believe animals are worthy of moral consideration,
consider making a change—connect to the best part of who you are and live out those values of compassion, justice, and non-violence—values you already hold.
I don’t think there’s anything else you could do that would have such positive consequences on so many fronts, to the benefit of both human and non-human animals, than going vegan and leaving animals and animal products off your plate.
Being vegan will prevent the suffering of many innocent lives who would otherwise be born or hatched into a system of cruelty,
and being vegan will give you the peace of mind that comes with knowing you’re no longer contributing to the suffering that is an unavoidable consequence of buying products made with violence.
In addition, as I have covered, the other benefits to humans are substantial. The science is clear that it will lower your risk of chronic disease, diminish your footprint on the planet, and promote a more efficient food system better capable of feeding the world’s starving, hungry and impoverished.
Henry David Thoreau said he had no doubt that it’s the “destiny of the human race … to leave off eating animals.” I believe Thoreau was right about our future, and I believe this is our opportunity to be on the right side of history before it becomes the norm.
Imagine a future where all sentient beings are allowed to live their lives without human oppression.
Imagine a future where we can feed every child on our planet without destroying the planet.
Imagine a future of better health and vitality for everyone.
This can be our future, but it all depends, so much depends, on what we choose to put in our mouths every day.
As Einstein said, “Those who have the privilege to know have the duty to act.”
Thank you for listening.
Alternative
Imagine a future where we can feed every child on our planet without destroying the planet.
Imagine a future of better health and vitality for everyone.
This is our future, but only if we make it happen.
As Einstein said, “Those who have the privilege to know have the duty to act.”
Thank you for listening.
Notes for Later
- ↑ “Evidence of Species Loss in Amazon Caused by Deforestation.” ScienceDaily. Accessed June 8, 2017. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150824064927.htm.
