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Difference between revisions of "Draft:Iron"

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* Studies show that those who eat meatless diets are no more at risk of iron deficiency than meat-eaters,<ref name="saunders"/> and may even have higher iron levels.<ref name="farmer"/>
 
* Studies show that those who eat meatless diets are no more at risk of iron deficiency than meat-eaters,<ref name="saunders"/> and may even have higher iron levels.<ref name="farmer"/>
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* Research suggests that each milligram of heme iron consumed daily increases the risk of heart disease by 27 percent,<ref>Yang, Wei, Bin Li, Xiao Dong, Xiao-Qiang Zhang, Yuan Zeng, Jian-Liang Zhou, Yan-Hua Tang, and Jian-Jun Xu. “Is Heme Iron Intake Associated with Risk of Coronary Heart Disease? A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.” European Journal of Nutrition 53, no. 2 (March 2014): 395–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-013-0535-5.</ref> Type 2 diabetes by 16 percent,<ref>Bao, Wei, Ying Rong, Shuang Rong, and Liegang Liu. “Dietary Iron Intake, Body Iron Stores, and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” BMC Medicine 10, no. 1 (December 2012): 119. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-10-119.</ref> and cancer by up to 12 percent.<ref>Fonseca-Nunes, A., P. Jakszyn, and A. Agudo. “Iron and Cancer Risk--A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Epidemiological Evidence.” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 12–31. Accessed February 7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0733.</ref> Heme iron consumption has also been shown to increase stroke risk.<ref>Kaluza, Joanna, Alicja Wolk, and Susanna C. Larsson. “Heme Iron Intake and Risk of Stroke: A Prospective Study of Men.” Stroke 44, no. 2 (February 2013): 334–39. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.679662.</ref>
+
* Research suggests that each milligram of heme iron consumed daily increases the risk of heart disease by 27 percent,<ref>Yang, Wei, Bin Li, Xiao Dong, Xiao-Qiang Zhang, Yuan Zeng, Jian-Liang Zhou, Yan-Hua Tang, and Jian-Jun Xu. “Is Heme Iron Intake Associated with Risk of Coronary Heart Disease? A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.” European Journal of Nutrition 53, no. 2 (March 2014): 395–400. Accessed February 7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-013-0535-5.</ref> Type 2 diabetes by 16 percent,<ref>Bao, Wei, Ying Rong, Shuang Rong, and Liegang Liu. “Dietary Iron Intake, Body Iron Stores, and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” BMC Medicine 10, no. 1 (December 2012): 119. Accessed February 7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-10-119.</ref> and cancer by up to 12 percent.<ref>Fonseca-Nunes, A., P. Jakszyn, and A. Agudo. “Iron and Cancer Risk--A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Epidemiological Evidence.” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 12–31. Accessed February 7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0733.</ref> Heme iron consumption has also been shown to increase stroke risk.<ref>Kaluza, Joanna, Alicja Wolk, and Susanna C. Larsson. “Heme Iron Intake and Risk of Stroke: A Prospective Study of Men.” Stroke 44, no. 2 (February 2013): 334–39. Accessed February 7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.679662.</ref>
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* vitamin c
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* The lower bioavailability of non-heme iron has long been considered a disadvantage. However, more recent research suggests that it may in fact be beneficial, as it prevents too much iron from being absorbed. The body is able to regulate how much non-heme iron it absorbs from food, increasing or decreasing absorption as needed. Heme iron, on the other hand, passes straight into the bloodstream even if levels are already too high.<ref>Sharp, Paul A. “Intestinal Iron Absorption: Regulation by Dietary & Systemic Factors.” International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 80, no. 45 (October 2010): 231–42. Accessed February 7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000029.</ref><ref>Geissler, Catherine, and Mamta Singh. “Iron, Meat and Health.” Nutrients 3, no. 3 (February 28, 2011): 283–316. Accessed February 7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu3030283.</ref> This iron overload contributes to the chronic diseases mentioned above.
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* oxidation
  
 
=== Conflicting Claims ===
 
=== Conflicting Claims ===

Revision as of 04:59, 7 February 2020

<-- see Help:Writing Fact Sheets and the articles in Fact Sheets Listing -->

<-- Note that we want only enough information to convincingly support the assertions made in the summary, and to counter inaccurate information. When making a point, it is important to find those sources that will result in the most convincing arguments, and to summarize findings in the most convincing manner, all without misrepresenting or exaggerating those sources. -->

<-- Good places to start research are in the "see also" section -->

<-- User Choline as a guide -->

Fact Sheet

Summary

Studies show that those who eat meatless diets are no more at risk of iron deficiency than meat-eaters,[1] and may even have higher iron levels.[2] Furthermore, heme iron (the type found in meat) has been linked to chronic diseases such as heart disease[3] and lung cancer.[4] In contrast, non-heme iron has not been linked to any diseases.

Context

  • Iron is an essential mineral used to transport oxygen through the body.[5]
  • Many people believe that red meat is the only good source of iron, despite the fact that there are several excellent plant-based sources.[5] Research has also suggested that non-heme iron (the type found in plants) may be less well absorbed than heme iron (found in meat).[6] This has led to claims that vegans are at risk of iron deficiency.

Evidence

<-- research and expert testimonials showing that plant-based diets are sufficient, and that heme-iron has risks, and addressing the increased risk of iron deficiency for vegans (is it true? It might be.) -->

  • Studies show that those who eat meatless diets are no more at risk of iron deficiency than meat-eaters,[1] and may even have higher iron levels.[2]
  • Research suggests that each milligram of heme iron consumed daily increases the risk of heart disease by 27 percent,[7] Type 2 diabetes by 16 percent,[8] and cancer by up to 12 percent.[9] Heme iron consumption has also been shown to increase stroke risk.[10]
  • vitamin c
  • The lower bioavailability of non-heme iron has long been considered a disadvantage. However, more recent research suggests that it may in fact be beneficial, as it prevents too much iron from being absorbed. The body is able to regulate how much non-heme iron it absorbs from food, increasing or decreasing absorption as needed. Heme iron, on the other hand, passes straight into the bloodstream even if levels are already too high.[11][12] This iron overload contributes to the chronic diseases mentioned above.
  • oxidation

Conflicting Claims

<-- major sources of conflicting claims and why they are false or dubious -->

Dietary Guidelines

<-- summarize guidelines. should we supplement, if so when? are supplements dangerous?

Sources of Iron

<-- foods, supplements -->

See Also

Plain Text

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Saunders, Angela V., Winston J. Craig, Surinder K. Baines, and Jennifer S. Posen. “Iron and Vegetarian Diets.” The Medical Journal of Australia 199, no. S4 (19 2013): S11-16.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Farmer, Bonnie, Brian T. Larson, Victor L. Fulgoni, Alice J. Rainville, and George U. Liepa. “A Vegetarian Dietary Pattern as a Nutrient-Dense Approach to Weight Management: An Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111, no. 6 (June 2011): 819–27. Accessed February 7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2011.03.012.
  3. ↑ Hunnicutt, Jacob, Ka He, and Pengcheng Xun. “Dietary Iron Intake and Body Iron Stores Are Associated with Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in a Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.” The Journal of Nutrition 144, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 359–66. Accessed February 7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.185124.
  4. ↑ Lam, Tram Kim, Melissa Rotunno, Brid M. Ryan, Angela C. Pesatori, Pier Alberto Bertazzi, Margaret Spitz, Neil E. Caporaso, and Maria Teresa Landi. “Heme-Related Gene Expression Signatures of Meat Intakes in Lung Cancer Tissues.” Molecular Carcinogenesis 53, no. 7 (July 2014): 548–56. Accessed February 7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/mc.22006.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 “Office of Dietary Supplements - Iron.” Accessed February 7, 2020. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/.
  6. ↑ Hurrell, Richard, and Ines Egli. “Iron Bioavailability and Dietary Reference Values.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 1461S-1467S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2010.28674F.
  7. ↑ Yang, Wei, Bin Li, Xiao Dong, Xiao-Qiang Zhang, Yuan Zeng, Jian-Liang Zhou, Yan-Hua Tang, and Jian-Jun Xu. “Is Heme Iron Intake Associated with Risk of Coronary Heart Disease? A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.” European Journal of Nutrition 53, no. 2 (March 2014): 395–400. Accessed February 7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-013-0535-5.
  8. ↑ Bao, Wei, Ying Rong, Shuang Rong, and Liegang Liu. “Dietary Iron Intake, Body Iron Stores, and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” BMC Medicine 10, no. 1 (December 2012): 119. Accessed February 7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-10-119.
  9. ↑ Fonseca-Nunes, A., P. Jakszyn, and A. Agudo. “Iron and Cancer Risk--A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Epidemiological Evidence.” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 12–31. Accessed February 7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0733.
  10. ↑ Kaluza, Joanna, Alicja Wolk, and Susanna C. Larsson. “Heme Iron Intake and Risk of Stroke: A Prospective Study of Men.” Stroke 44, no. 2 (February 2013): 334–39. Accessed February 7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.679662.
  11. ↑ Sharp, Paul A. “Intestinal Iron Absorption: Regulation by Dietary & Systemic Factors.” International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 80, no. 45 (October 2010): 231–42. Accessed February 7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000029.
  12. ↑ Geissler, Catherine, and Mamta Singh. “Iron, Meat and Health.” Nutrients 3, no. 3 (February 28, 2011): 283–316. Accessed February 7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu3030283.

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This fact sheet was originally authored by ??? with contributions by Greg Fuller. The contents may have been edited since that time by others.

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